曹操墓出土印章的印文是“氶(丞)”字
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: '@??'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-Cn"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr></span> 自从西高穴村“曹操墓”出土一枚被称为“印符”的印章公布以来,很多人都在分析其印文到底是什么字?有很多说法。</span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: '@??'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-Cn"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr></span> 经过对“印符”图片的观察,认为该印是凿印,凿印是在浇铸成的铜章毛坯上直接凿刻印文。凿刻法使底纹呈凸凹不平状(见图)<a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s7.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagafee2e17dbe6&690" target="_blank"><img title="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" alt="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" src="http://s7.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/7f717ffagafee2e17dbe6&690&690" width="159" height="180"/></a><br/><a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s3.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagaff346d82959&690" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" src="http://s10.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/7f717ffagaff346d82959&690&690" real_src="http://s10.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/7f717ffagaff346d82959&690&690"/> </a><br/><br/><br/></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; TEXT-INDENT: 40.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: '@??'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-Cn">将图片上印章的凹处涂黑,如图所示。但没有找到与之相对应的篆字。有人说是辅首衔环肖形印,可是其“圆环”下有一个棱角,因此可以排除此说。又将图片翻转,考虑到刻在印章的字是反的,所以将图片水平翻转,经辨识分析后得出此印文为篆字“氶”(见图)。<a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s13.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagafee2dcba01c&690" target="_blank"></a><br/><br/><a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s2.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagb00832c43f99&690" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" src="http://s10.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/7f717ffagb00832c43f99&690&690" real_src="http://s10.sinaimg.cn/bmiddle/7f717ffagb00832c43f99&690&690"/> </a><br/><br/></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; TEXT-INDENT: 40.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: '@??'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-Cn"><a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s11.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagafee2df94cba&690" target="_blank"><img title="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" alt="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" src="http://s11.sinaimg.cn/middle/7f717ffagafee2df94cba&690&690" real_src="http://s11.sinaimg.cn/middle/7f717ffagafee2df94cba&690&690"/></a><br/><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">《令狐君嗣子壶》:氶<br/></font><a href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=7f717ffa0100vhii&url=http://s4.sinaimg.cn/orignal/7f717ffagafee2dad03c3&690" target="_blank"><img title="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" alt="曹操墓出土印章的印文是鈥湚椋ㄘ┾澴" src="http://s4.sinaimg.cn/middle/7f717ffagafee2dad03c3&690&690" real_src="http://s4.sinaimg.cn/middle/7f717ffagafee2dad03c3&690&690"/></a><br/> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <font style="FONT-SIZE: 18px">本图片来源于《象形字典》(有误已修改)<br/></font> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> “氶”字的篆字见《令狐君嗣子壶》,但《说文解字》未见此字而见到“丞”字,氶与丞在古代皆通承,丞是常用字,而氶是丞早期用字或者是异体字。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; TEXT-INDENT: 40.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: '@??'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-Cn">以下是查的资料对氶与丞的解释:</span></p>
<p>● <strong>氶</strong></p>
<p><span>zhěng
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autostart="0"></embed><embed allowscriptaccess="never"></embed></object> <wbr> ㄓㄥˇ</span></p>
<p> 1. 古同“<span>拯</span>”。</p>
<p> 2. 〔~水〕河名,源出中国山东省,流入运河。</p>
<p> 3. 古县名,在今中国山东省枣庄市。</p>
<p><strong>其它字义</strong></p>
<hr/>
<p>● <strong>氶</strong></p>
<p><span>chéng
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autostart="0"></embed><embed allowscriptaccess="never"></embed></object> <wbr> ㄔㄥˊ</span></p>
<p> 1. 古同“<span>承</span>”。</p>
<p> 2. 姓。</p>
<p>● <strong>氶</strong></p>
<p><span>zhèng
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autostart="0"></embed><embed allowscriptaccess="never"></embed></object> <wbr> ㄓㄥˋ</span></p>
<p> ◎ 〔~乡〕中国汉侯国名</p>
<div><span><span><font size="5" face="黑体">丞</font></span></span><font size="4"><span><font color="#008000" face="Arial">chéng</font></span></font> <a href="http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=%D8%A9#"> <wbr></a></div>
<div> <wbr></div>
<div>
<h2 style="BACKGROUND: url(bddict/img/expand.gif) no-repeat 0px="0px"50%"><a href="http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=%D8%A9#"> <wbr></a><span>丞</span>的中文解释</h2>
<div>
<h3><span>以下结果由<a href="http://www.zdic.net/" target="_blank">汉典</a>提供</span>词典解释</h3>
<div><font face="Arial"><br/><br/></font><strong><span>基本字义</span><br/></strong>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">1. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>帮助,辅佐:~相(古代辅佐帝王治理国家大事的统率百官的最高大臣)。</div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">2. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>封建时代辅佐主要官员做事的官吏:府~。县~。</div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">3. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>古同“<a href="http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&tn=dict" target="_blank">承</a>”,秉承。</div></div><br/>
<div><strong><span>详细字义</span><br/></strong>〈动〉<br/>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">1. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div><span><font face="Arial">(</font></span>会意。甲骨文字形<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>上面象两只手<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>下面象人掉在陷阱里<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>合起来表示救人于陷阱之中。<span><font face="Arial">( zh</font></span>ě<span><font face="Arial">ng)</font></span>本义<span><font face="Arial">:</font></span>拯救<span><font face="Arial">)</font></span></div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">2. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>辅佐<span><font face="Arial">;</font></span>辅助 <span><font face="Arial"></font></span>。如<span><font face="Arial">:</font></span><span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>弼<span><font face="Arial">(</font></span>辅佐<span><font face="Arial">;</font></span>也指辅佐的大臣或职位<span><font face="Arial">);</font></span><span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>辅<span><font face="Arial">(</font></span>辅助<span><font face="Arial">)</font></span></div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">3. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>通“<a href="http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&tn=dict" target="_blank">承</a>”。接受、秉承 <font face="Arial"><span></span><br/></font>前疑后<span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>。——《孝经·谏诤章》注<br/>于是<span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>上指<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>请造白金及五铢钱。——《史记·酷吏列传》</div></div><br/>〈名〉<br/>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">1. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>古官名 <span><font face="Arial"></font></span></div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">2. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>传说为帝王的四辅之一<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>是辅佐帝王的最高官吏</div></div>
<div><span><span><font face="Arial">3. <wbr></font></span></span>
<div>佐官名。秦始置。汉以后<span><font face="Arial">,</font></span>中央和地方官吏的副职有大理<span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>、府<span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>、县<span><font color="#c60a00">丞</font></span>等</div></div><br/><a name="hiddencn"></a></div>
<div style="CLEAR: both"></div><strong> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 以上仅是个人看法,到底这个“氶”或“丞”是姓还是名或者是丞相的丞(曹操是汉朝丞相),因知识有限,还是留与专家学者破解吧!</strong><br/> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 王春2011年10月22日</div></div></div><!-- 正文结束 -->
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<p id="dbox2_7f717ffa0100vhii" class="count" mnum="0" ti_title="曹操墓出土印章的印文是“氶(丞)”字"> </p>
<p class="link"><img class="SG_icon SG_icon34" align="absMiddle" src="http://simg.sinajs.cn/blog7style/images/common/sg_trans.gif" width="15" height="15"/></p></div></div></div><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/> 好文章,学习了. 看起来跟铺首似的 <p>这就是一个图形印章,是押记。这是印章的一个类型,不同于文字印章。</p>
<p> </p> <p>什么是...氶..啊?</p>
<p>您没留神曹操墓这个印章是桥纽,曹操的官印怎么可能是桥纽呢?而且那分明就是图形印...古代印章有官印、私印、图形印等等之分,风马牛不相及。</p>
<p>您再想想曹操和他的那个时代,建安黄初时代文字文物最真实、最俊秀,您参考最近出土的曹休印。</p> “丞”在汉印中很常见,见过有“氶”的汉印吗? <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>王春很好</i>在2011-10-27 15:13:00的发言:</b><br/>
<p>具体是个什么图形呢?图形的寓言为何?请详细解说。</p></div>
<p>您可真逗,我都看得笑了。</p>
<p>押记在当年当然有特定意义,可是过了这么多年,谁还能说得清?押记这类图形印章在古代很常见的,它是一个独立的种类,叫做押记也好、符印也好、图形印章也好,都是这类的东西,从战国到汉魏,一直到元代,都特别常见。</p>
<p>给您拍个图片,这是一个汉代官印,左下角的字就是“丞”。两汉三国南北朝,所有官印中“丞”字都是这样的结构:</p>
<p> </p><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2011-10-27 15:48:46编辑过] <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>宿城小雪</i>在2011-10-26 10:33:00的发言:</b><br/>
<p>这就是一个图形印章,是押记。这是印章的一个类型,不同于文字印章。</p>
<p> </p></div>
<p>具体是个什么图形呢?图形的寓言为何?请详细解说。</p> <font size="4"> <wbr>2011-10-26制作的印蜕,印蜕两块红与两块白上下呼应,强烈对比中体现和谐之美,可见此印是古人精心设计的</font><br/> 篆字“氶”见丞的造字解说(图1),印蜕中有凸出一块棱角的“圆圈”是变形美化了,见《 令狐君嗣子壶》铭文:氶中“了”的局部,如图2所示<br/><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2011-11-2 13:40:13编辑过] 世界上居然有这样的事儿…… <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>王春很好</i>在2011-11-1 12:24:00的发言:</b><br/>
<p> ....作为文学家的曹操,作为挟天下以令诸侯的曹丞相应知道丞与丞的区别,双手紧紧控制一人“天子”,显然不能从坑里救出...</p></div>
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<p>上边那圆圈是汉献帝啊?两边是曹操得手?汉献帝还在坑里?我是个笨蛋看到这就彻底受启发了。</p> <p> “曹操墓”出土的印章和曹休的印章的印钮形制相同,都为私印。私印的入印文字比官印自由多变,如丁敬所说“篆刻自古思离群”,齐白石所说“汉人胆敢独造”。关于“曹操墓”,目前质疑声四起,各个领域的人士参与其中,考古人不可能什么都懂,比如出土的印章,辨识不了的,要请教古文字学家或篆刻家。“曹操墓”出土的印章在考古简报公布为“印符”,有专家表示未见有“印符”之说,非专业术语。显然考古人用“印符”一词,用意是说明该印不是文字印,但具体是什么图案?不知道。</p>
<p> 自公布以来,有从事篆刻的人士认为它是“辅首衔环”肖形印,用于钤封泥。钤盖于封泥的效果是形成类似浮雕的效果。假设此印面是辅首衔环,钤盖到泥上的效果是辅首的双眼是凹陷的,体现不出双眼突出的立体效果,与辅首实物不符。东汉时期已经有纸张了,我根据印章图片制作了印蜕。假设此印面是辅首衔环,钤盖纸上的印蜕是衔环之处不对称,圆环之下有突出的棱角。综合考虑,否定此印面是辅首衔环。</p>
<p> 见印蜕,这个字有笔意,符合书写特征。有人认为是“曹、奂、瞒的右半部、帝”等篆字。经查找资料未见有上述对应的文字。在查找资料中,发现篆体“氶”,“氶”是会意字,像双手把人举起,是拯救的意思。再来分析印章,强大的双手(像钟鼎文的写法)紧紧把人托起。印蜕显示印面不是正方形,上面左右两角处理成钝角,这样做的目的是使留红面积小,不过于突兀,双手处的大块留白与之相呼应,整体一看很和谐。古人理解阴阳之道,双手大块留白处理是有意为之。资料表明,篆体“氶”与丞、承相通。我在前文也说了这个丞或氶到底是姓,是名字还是丞相的丞,不好判断。古有承姓,有刘氶,司马氶。丞相的官印一般叫丞相 之 印,规范用篆字“丞”。(此处为臆测:假设此印是曹操私印,那么作为丞相的私印可不可以用篆字“氶”代替“丞”。篆字丞比氶下面多一横,一横代表坑,“丞”单独出现在印章中,作为文学家的曹操,作为挟天下以令诸侯的曹丞相应知道丞与丞的区别,双手紧紧控制一人“天子”,显然不能从坑里救出,而是在地面上辅佐并控制,所以用篆字“氶”)</p>
<p> 欢迎各位网友理性批评指教!</p><br/> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>宿城小雪</i>在2011-11-1 15:40:00的发言:</b><br/>
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<p>上边那圆圈是汉献帝啊?两边是曹操得手?汉献帝还在坑里?我是个笨蛋看到这就彻底受启发了。</p></div>
<p>您直来直去的性格令人欣赏。以自嘲来嘲笑是您气愤的反应,莫生气,气坏了身体可没人替呦,看得出您看了很多书或是科班出身。谢谢您的回贴,使我说了这么多,有打错字和表达不恰当的地方或荒谬之论,敬请原谅。没有定论的就需要辩论,我既非专家也非学者,是希望听到不同声音的,也好学习学习,以便修正观点。</p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2011-11-2 20:51:44编辑过] <font size="5">一脉相承</font><br/><br/> <font size="4">提供一份资料。汉魏时期的丞与承在印章中的异体写法,可和“曹操墓”出土印章作分析印证</font>。<br/><br/><br/> <p>您这是认了死理了...这些字看上去是有点形似,但是它们真不是一回事...</p>
<p>我这有好几个西汉、东汉、西晋、前秦的带有“丞”字的印章来着,可是您越认死理我就越找不着……</p> <p> <font size="4"> 汉魏时期的一般的官印,由官方造办,有统一的硬性规定,变化不大,将军印除外,将军印也是官印中的一种,这些印章往往在行军中急于临时任命,而在仓促之间以刀在印面上刻凿成的,又称急就章。变化大、天趣横生。</font></p>
<p><font size="4"> 私印为私人用印,是古印中数量最多、形式最为丰富的一类。一般由私人作坊完成,可以充分发挥工匠的巧思,表现在字体上异体写法较多,在笔画上有的进行局部夸张,鸟虫篆印算是达到极致了。</font></p>
<p><font size="4"> 发两张两汉时期的印章图片,来自《鸟虫篆大鉴》以此印证“曹操墓”出土印章是文字印的合理性。</font></p>
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[此贴子已经被作者于2011-11-3 21:23:41编辑过] <font size="5">分析图</font><br/> <p>您看出我只会直来直去的说话,您真是太和蔼了。我这样说话是一个毛病,改不了,常吃亏。</p>
<p>再说这个印章,您搞了这么多文字考据工作……我是不懂文字,但是我想,研究某一个东西总是先要方法正确。曹魏和东汉文物根本没法区分(似乎有点绝对),风格是很少变化的——从印章来说,文字印总是使用当时流行的字体结构,不会太接近于图形,至少目前没见过能够确定的特例。您的考据方法——不说内容只说方法,适合研究先周文物和早期的典籍文字,用于曹魏印章,在我看来就不大对头了。</p>
<p>当然我懂得不多,想到这里就这么说。</p> 我真想给您点穴,让您手脚不能动。 <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>宿城小雪</i>在2011-11-5 23:08:00的发言:</b><br/>我真想给您点穴,让您手脚不能动。 </div>
<p>就此打住,关键我怕您点穴呀</p> <u><font size="4">在印章中有些字根据空间安排或审美需要,笔画出现粘连的情况是很常见的,仅举篆刻字典中“胜、兴”为例加以说明。</font></u><br/>
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