北京土语探索
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（代</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">序）作者——徐世荣</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">现在有一些人把北京话和普通话混同起来，认为北京话就是普通话，这是不对的，有必要讲讲两者的关系。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">民族语言在民族发展的过程中分化为方言。土语包含在方言中，流通的地域更小些，使用面更狭窄。北京话就是北方话大方言区中一个地方的通用语言，是一种土语。但是北京话通用于北京这个特殊条件的地区，与普通话的关系就跟其他方言土语不同，可以说有着更近的亲属关系。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">北京话自然属于北方话范围。因为北京是六、七百年来的京都，以其政治、经济、文化中心的超级地位，人往人来，四方辐辏。特别是北方人，更容易在此会集、接触。因此，北京这个地区就自然地吸收着北方话，集纳——缩聚——融合，有北方话的代表性。普通话既“以北方话为基础方言”，当然也包括北京话在内。北方话的地面虽广，人口虽多（地面、人口都约占全国的百分之七十强），却有个词汇、语法大致近同的特点。北京话与北方话似难严格划分。语言学家认为“在方言彼此紧密地互相影响的地方去划分方言是很困难的，但不能因此而取消方言的分别问题”。所谓“分别问题”就是各自的特性。北京话从整体来看，有它自己的容貌，立于北方话区的各个方言之间，是有其特具的轮廓的。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">普通话以北方话为基础方言，主要是讲它的形成历史。它的渊源和某些语言成素与北方话、北京话是有千丝万缕的关系的，但两者决不可画等号。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">从概念上讲，普通话是“规范化的现代汉民族共同语”，是“全国通用”的标准语，而北京话则只是给北京一个地区服务的交际工具。作用有大小之异，级别有高低之差。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">从具体的语言成素来讲，北京土音，北京土语（包括词和词组），以及特殊组合规律（即使很少）的语法，都能拿出实例。至少，在当前还不能为普通话所接纳，也可说是“不合规范”。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“从一个语言来源产生的亲属方言，总不会在全部语法结构和基本词汇上彼此不同，只是在某些成分上有差别。”（斯大林《马克思主义与语言学问题》）因此，研究北京话就要着眼于某些成分上的差别，即某些特点。这是第一课题。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“语言交配，某一种胜利，保存自己的语法结构、基本词汇，别一种语言服从之，逐渐灭亡。”（斯大林语，引文同上）普通话就是在北方话基础上发展形成的文学语言——以口语为素材，经过书面的锤炼、沙汰，更为细密、丰富、精练，形成一套语法与词汇。北京话则是较为粗陋的口语，自然要服从普通话，一部分不足取的东西将趋于磨灭。研究北京话就可以与普通话作比较，哪些是不足取而必须“服从”普通话的。这是第二课题。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“胜利的语言会从失败的语言中吸取一些词来丰富自己的词汇。”（斯大林语，引文同上）北京话并非全是渣滓，也有生命力、形象性、表达功能很强的词语，可以输送给普通话做为养分，供之吸收。或稍加改造，而取得晋升为普通话的资格。这是第三课题。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">研究北京话，本身不是目的，目的是发展普通话。为了维护汉民族共同语的纯洁健康，一方面要清理北京话对普通话的纠缠，一方面要提炼北京话的精华，滋养普通话，增强普通话的同一性、丰富性、精密性，促使之更向前发展。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">下面分别从北京话的语音、词汇、语法三个方面，剖析一下它的特点。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">先讲北京话语音——北京土语。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">大家都说，普通话以北京语音为标准，指的是“北京音系”，而不包括北京土音。可以肯定，这种理解是符合普通话语音标准的科学性的。“音系”是什么？土音是什么？应具体说明。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“音系”的通俗解释，是一个方音的有规律的体系，学术解释，是一个方音的“音位”系统。“音位”系统是规律严整的一套东西，以辨义、近似、互补等为条件，归纳成最简括的各组语音单位。北京音系就是规律化的正常范围内的音素（声母、韵母）、音节、声调，有稳固的分立与组合关系，而土音则否。北京土音自然不是在北京音系之外整个儿另一套，不过是在这体系之外，存在着或滋长着一些特殊的东西，是无规律、不正常的表意信息，只在北京人这个小圈子里被接受而已。我曾分析其“不正”，为“偶现、狭隘、讹变、混乱”四类现象。下面分别举例说明。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">为了显示土音的特殊，应该确定音系的正常内容。正常的音系，可用《汉语拼音方案》为依据而作说明。北京音系，声母二十一个，韵母三十八个（另外附儿化韵），声调四个（另外附变调、轻声）。声、韵拼合，构成基本音节四百个，再加上声调，带调音节一千二百一十多个（限于普通话中使用表意的，古汉语用字的读音如“鞥</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(ēn</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">黈</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(t</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ǒ<span lang="EN-US">u)</span>，恧<span lang="EN-US">(n</span>ǜ<span lang="EN-US">)</span>，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">茝</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(ch</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ǎ<span lang="EN-US">i)</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”，方言如“嗲</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(di</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ǎ<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、塞</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">s</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ē<span lang="EN-US">i</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、囡</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(nān)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、甭</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(bén</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”，拟声及感叹词如“欸</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ei</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、喔</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">o</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、唷</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">yo</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、噷</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">hen</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”等都不计入）。以这个范围为根据，就比较容易说明北京土音的不正常了。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">一、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">偶现的。即偶然出现在北京人口中的音素。如声母</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">z</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">c</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">s</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变为“齿间音”<span lang="EN-US"></span>，音节开头</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">w</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">的部分音节（韵母“韵头”为前元音、央元音的），如“万<span lang="EN-US">(wàn)</span>、文<span lang="EN-US">(wén)</span>、外<span lang="EN-US">(wài)</span>、为<span lang="EN-US">(wéi)</span>”等，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">w</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">（</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">u</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">）变为“齿唇浊音”<span lang="EN-US">[</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">v</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">或<span lang="EN-US">[</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial unicode=" Unicode? MS?,?sans-serif?; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode="Unicode"MS','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">?</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">。（韵头为后元音的不变，如“王<span lang="EN-US">(wán</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">”，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">u</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">本身也不变，如“五<span lang="EN-US">(w</span>ǔ<span lang="EN-US">)</span>”）“儿化韵”卷舌部分因熟练而灵敏过度，“卷舌音”变为“闪音”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">r</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">，如“小兔儿”，“土豆儿”等的尾音。“真是！”作为埋怨、恼恨之词，独立使用，因发音用力而变清声母<span lang="EN-US">zh</span>为浊声母<span lang="EN-US">,</span>甚至再加“送气”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">二、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">狭隘的。即伴随土词语出现的。所谓狭隘，就是这个音节极少出现，也许只用于这一个词。又分两种情况：一是四百个音节之外的音节。如：“忒”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">tè</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">变</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">t</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">ē</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US">i</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，“忒坏了！”“论</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">lùn</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">变</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">l</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">ì</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">n</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，“论起来，你是大哥。”“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">chu</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">à其外”是超越限度，“～其外地花钱。”“<span lang="EN-US">c</span>è<span lang="EN-US">i</span>为打碎，“把玻璃<span lang="EN-US">c</span>è<span lang="EN-US">i</span>了。”二是未超出四百个音节范围，但一般没有这个声调，如：“俘<span lang="EN-US">f</span>ó<span lang="EN-US">u”,</span>“小偷儿让人俘住了。”“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">á<span lang="EN-US">i</span>搂”是贪馋地吞吃，“在外头胡</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">á<span lang="EN-US">i</span>搂什么了？”身材叫戳个儿（<span lang="EN-US">chu</span>ǒ </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">er</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">）<span lang="EN-US">,</span>等等。这些词大多有音无字。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">三、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>讹变的。由正常的音节变化，还能按语义测知其原音节。（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）韵母因轻声而弱化，主要元音变为央元音。如“芝麻<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的<span lang="EN-US">má</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span>、豆腐“的<span lang="EN-US">fu</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">、“姑娘”的<span lang="EN-US">nián</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">、“放下”的<span lang="EN-US">xià</span>变<span lang="EN-US">,</span>圆唇音变不圆，“出去”的<span lang="EN-US">qù</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span>。（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）声母因轻声而弱化。如“琵琶”的<span lang="EN-US">pá</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span>、“胡涂”的<span lang="EN-US">tú</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span>、“骨殖”的“殖”<span lang="EN-US">zhí</span>变<span lang="EN-US"></span>，“茅厕”的<span lang="EN-US">cè</span>变<span lang="EN-US">,</span>送气音变不送气音，塞擦音变擦音。（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）减音，从原音节中减去某一音素。如“娘们儿”的<span lang="EN-US">niáng</span>变<span lang="EN-US">ni</span>á，“出乱子”的<span lang="EN-US">luàn</span>变<span lang="EN-US">la</span>à，“累得慌”的<span lang="EN-US">huān</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变<span lang="EN-US">han</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">再变<span lang="EN-US">hen</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">。（<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）增音。如“闭上嘴<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的<span lang="EN-US">bì</span>变<span lang="EN-US">b</span>ì<span lang="EN-US">n</span>，“八下里”的<span lang="EN-US">xià</span>变<span lang="EN-US">xiàn</span>，“把水倒了”的<span lang="EN-US">b</span>ǎ变<span lang="EN-US">b</span>ǎ<span lang="EN-US">i</span>，“告诉”的<span lang="EN-US">sù</span>变<span lang="EN-US">son</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">。（<span lang="EN-US">5</span>）替换。如“流脓”的<span lang="EN-US">nón</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变<span lang="EN-US">nén</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">，“自个儿”的<span lang="EN-US">zì</span>变<span lang="EN-US">jì</span>，“板凳”的<span lang="EN-US">dèng</span>变<span lang="EN-US">t</span>è<span lang="EN-US">n</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">，“耳蚕”的<span lang="EN-US">cán</span>变<span lang="EN-US">c</span>á<span lang="EN-US">i</span>。（<span lang="EN-US">6</span>）交错。如：“言语”由<span lang="EN-US">yányu</span>变为<span lang="EN-US">yuányi</span>，音节开头（即“韵头”）的<span lang="EN-US"></span>互换地位为<span lang="EN-US"></span>，“不过”由<span lang="EN-US">b</span>ú</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">uo</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变为</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ú<span lang="EN-US">bo,</span>声母的<span lang="EN-US">b</span>与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">互换地位为</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast"> 与<span lang="EN-US">b </span>。虽然实例不多，但这种变化现象，原音可以解释（尽管有例外，或只出现于一部分词语间）。（<span lang="EN-US">7</span>）无规则的变调。如“拐弯儿”的<span lang="EN-US">wānr</span>变去声，“雪白”的<span lang="EN-US">xuě</span>变去声，“正经”的<span lang="EN-US">jīn</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变上声，“跟前儿”的<span lang="EN-US">qián</span>变上声，“珊瑚子”的<span lang="EN-US">hú</span>变上声。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">四、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>混乱的。如纷乱的“尖音”，“下”念<span lang="EN-US">si</span>à，“家”念“<span lang="EN-US">zi</span>ā”，把“团音”也念成“尖音”了。还有不少受方音影响的，如“结束”的<span lang="EN-US">shù</span>念<span lang="EN-US">sù</span>，“只当”的<span lang="EN-US">zh</span>ǐ念<span lang="EN-US">z</span>ǐ，“塑料”<span lang="EN-US">sù</span>念<span lang="EN-US">su</span>ò。还有不少北京人（特别是老太太）多把韵母“鼻化”发“口鼻元音”。另外，舌根阻鼻韵尾的音节儿化韵应是丢掉<span lang="EN-US">n</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">使前面的主要元音“鼻化”并卷舌（<span lang="EN-US">in</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">是丢掉<span lang="EN-US">n</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">加<span lang="EN-US">e,</span>使<span lang="EN-US">e</span>鼻化并卷舌），但有一部分“老北京”人却不念“鼻化”的元音，如“光儿”和“瓜儿”无别，“绳儿”和“舌儿”无别。这都是混乱现象。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">对于这些土音，普通话中不必考虑，应该把标准音（符合语音发展规律的正常读法）跟土音划清界限。有少数的土音已作为口语音，形成较大的势力，如“琢磨”的<span lang="EN-US">zhuó</span>变<span lang="EN-US">zuó</span>，“钥匙”的<span lang="EN-US">chi</span>变<span lang="EN-US">shi</span>，“喷香”的<span lang="EN-US">pēn</span>变<span lang="EN-US">p</span>è<span lang="EN-US">n</span>等，那就另当别论了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">再讲北京话的词语——北京土语。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">土语一般可分为社会土语和地方土语两类。社会土语主要为行业语，其次是“黑话”——江湖隐秘语。都是在一个小集体，一个社会阶层中使用的。地方土语比社会土语的应用面宽，值得我们研究并且考虑其价值，可否作为普通话的养分的，就是这类，而不是狭窄的社会土语。例如“黑不溜丘“一词已经在电影《霓虹灯下的哨兵》中使用，在全国放映，为全国人民所接受。但一部分行业语，因为跟人们生活关系密切，为外界多数人所熟悉，也在口头使用，那就突破了界限。如：“拿龙”是自行车修理行业的术语。车轮瓦圈弯曲变形，这种毛病叫做“龙”修理变形的瓦圈，叫做“拿龙”。骑自行车的人虽非本行业，但他要去修车，自然也就必须说出这个术语，才能与修理工人谈到一起。因此，也就难说这个词算不算地方土语了。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">行业语是社会上各行业专用语，包括科技、学术在内。这个范围非常广阔，所谓“三百六十行”未必能够概括。某一行业、专业的事物、知识、丛杂万端，各有专称，其数量是无法估计的。例如：京剧界的服装道具，就有“守旧、砌末子、套头、髯口、褶子（</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">xué zi</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">）、罗帽、扎靠、水袖”等，羊肉店所卖羊肉，部位不同，食用各有所宜，名目就有“三叉儿、上脑儿、黄瓜条儿、后腿儿、磨裆儿、腰窝儿、米龙”等，瓦匠就有“下茧儿、封后檐、叉</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(ch</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ǎ<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">灰泥、苫被、挑脊、填馅</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">(xiàn)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、灌浆、吊线、叫高儿、挂了”等。这些词语，应用面虽也不免扩展到外行人，但毕竟是比较窄的。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">黑话大多是旧社会底层人物以及秘密会道门儿所用的隐秘性词语。北京地区，除“切口”（也叫“反切语”，一个字都用两个字说，略如反切之法。如“一”说“也基”，“有”说“爷九”，或拆开一字的声母、韵母，声母后一律拼</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ai</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，“洪音”韵母前一律拼</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，“细音”韵母前一律拼</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">j</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">。如“北”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">bei</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，分为</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">bai</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ei</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，“米”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">mi</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，分为</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">mai­</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ji</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">）外，更有为一般人所不知的词语，如“五”说“中”，“九”说“爱”，“妇女”说“裹饰”，“鞋”说“踢土”，“钱”说“楮头子”，“占卜算命”说“审”等。现代在一部分流氓、盗匪和落后的流气的青年中又有新的黑话，也可以叫“匪话”，如打架叫“练”，动刀行凶叫“放血”，撬锁叫“搿大闸”，把公安人员叫“雷子”等。这都是绝对不足取的。这两种社会土语有其特殊性，前者虽不能排之于北京话之外，但是窄而专，后者在社会主义新中国的文明建设中，肯定会趋于灭亡。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">再讲语法——看看土语中、组句、用词有什么特殊之处。<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">普通话“以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。”这明显地说，普通话语法是文学语言的，是书面语言的，而不是口头语，北京土话当然是口语。从这个概念来看，北京土话总会有个别的——哪怕是极少、极小的殊异，但大体相同。语法研究，上溯黎锦熙先生《新著国语文法》，他的主张是“言文一致”，自然包括“口语法的研习”，黎师特举话剧诸例，显示表情、示态的语助，要“以一种方言（北平语）为标准”。下至近年赵元任先生的《汉语口语语法》，更明确说：“指的是二十世纪中叶的北京方言，用非正式发言那种风格说出来的。”但是赵先生又说：“在所有汉语方言之间最大程度的一致性是在语法方面。”因此北京土语的语法，十分特殊的并不多。“现代白话文著作”未秘不写出“非正式发言那种风格”的口语来，例如老舍先生的文学作品就是。因此赵著口语语法，并没有多少是一般语法科学研究范围之外的规律。关于口语语法，已有几位语法专家著书立说，这篇短文就不再多论。下面只提出北京话中我所注意到的几个现象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">一、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>语序倒置。因是口语，以置似是补充性的，前面漏掉，后面补上，或后置更能引起对方注意。如：“上班哪！您哪！”（您上班哪！）“早吃啦！在婶儿！”（大婶儿早吃啦！）“你写了吗！那封信！”（你写那封信了吗？）“可有查票的（<span lang="EN-US">da=</span>的呀！）！在出口的地方儿。”（在出口的地方儿，有查票的。）我的朋友刘全利同志曾发现这么一个规律：凡这类补充成分，前面必有一个助词“了、啦、哪、呀”北京话中这类语序变化是非常普遍的。赵著“整句的结构”中也列入这类“倒装句”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">二、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>“不”字的虚用。“不”字在个别的词语中不起否定作用，实际无意义。如“不非凡”即“非凡”，“不吃味儿”即“吃味儿”，“事不有余”即“事<span lang="EN-US">......</span>有余”，“时不常儿”即“时常”。这是很特殊的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">三、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>“们”偶用于单数。如“给我们（<span lang="EN-US">mme</span>）一张！”（多出自女孩子之口，是娇憨语气。）“给您介绍介绍，这是我们（<span lang="EN-US">mme</span>）家里的。”（“家里的”称妻，而用“我们”，很奇怪。）“爷们儿，就您一个人儿呀？”（“爷们儿”是男性长者的尊称，一个人也这样叫。）“这个娘们儿真厉害！”（“娘们儿”指妇人，一个妇人也这样称说。）“一个老爷们儿，这么软弱！”（“老爷们儿”指男子。）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">四、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>有些特别的词尾。如“伍的”同“等等”，如；“还有什么花生、瓜子儿伍的”，或说“嘛的”。“劲儿的”用于形容词后，如“讨厌劲儿的”，“和气劲儿的”，或用“手子”，多用于反对语意，如“缺德手子！”“恶心手子！”（“手子”疑当为“啥子”。）“<span lang="EN-US">......</span>得慌”是表感觉之深重，如“闷得慌”，“急得慌”，“麻得慌”，<span lang="EN-US">huan</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变音<span lang="EN-US">hen</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ。“<span lang="EN-US">......</span>着哪”表加强程度，如“深着哪！”“难看着哪！”<span lang="EN-US">zhuo</span>变<span lang="EN-US">zhi</span>又疑是“至”用于口语，因有“深<span lang="EN-US">zhizhi</span>哪”（深之至哪），“难看<span lang="EN-US">zhizhi</span>哪”（难看之至哪）的说法。那就等于西北方言“<span lang="EN-US">......</span>得太”，如“深得太”，是把表程度的副词颠倒后置。“<span lang="EN-US">......</span>巴”表动作之减量，如“试巴试巴”是小试，“洗巴洗巴”是稍洗。“捆巴起来”是粗捆，“揉巴到一块儿”是草草揉和。“巴”是含有意义的特别动词词尾。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">五、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>介词与前一字结合成词，而可独用于句尾。如：“我瞧不至于”的“至于”，“我的酒量小，一两就足以了”的“足以”，“什么也不为<span lang="EN-US">(wèi)</span>”的“不为”等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">六、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>北京土语里的句末助词声音多变，有的似乎是助词之后，快速接上一个叹词，两个音节急读合一，而且变为叹词的重读，并带上叹词的复杂语调（语调多变，不止<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">－</b>、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">／</b>、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">∨</b>、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">＼</b>四型，下面举例，暂不一一画出语调调型，因高低升降复杂）。例如：“是你说的（<span lang="EN-US">da</span>）？”<span lang="EN-US">da=de+a(a</span>诘问<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“好嘚（<span lang="EN-US">dei</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”dei=de+ei(ei,</span>惊叹<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；老赵喂（<span lang="EN-US">wei</span>）！<span lang="EN-US">wei=wa(</span>“啊”因“赵”的韵尾<span lang="EN-US">ao</span>而变<span lang="EN-US">wa)+ei(ei</span>呼叫<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“小李<span lang="EN-US">yei</span>！”<span lang="EN-US">yei=ya+ei(ei</span>，呼叫<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“完咧（<span lang="EN-US">lei</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”lei=le+ei</span>（<span lang="EN-US">ei,</span>欢呼<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“问你哪（<span lang="EN-US">nei</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”nei=na+ei(ei,</span>招呼<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；”拉倒呗（<span lang="EN-US">bei</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”bei=ba+ei(ei,</span>慨叹<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“我偏不去嚜（<span lang="EN-US">mei</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”mei=ma+ei(ei,</span>肯定、倔强<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“老实点儿吧，您呢<span lang="EN-US">(ne)</span>！<span lang="EN-US">”ne=na+e,(e,</span>招呼<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“让瞧，就瞧瞧啵（<span lang="EN-US">bo</span>或<span lang="EN-US">bou</span>）！”<span lang="EN-US">bo=ba+o,bou=ba+ou(o</span>、<span lang="EN-US">ou</span>，应诺<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；“快看呶（<span lang="EN-US">nou</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!”nou=na+o(o,</span>惊奇<span lang="EN-US">)</span>；”“得喽（<span lang="EN-US">lou</span>）<span lang="EN-US">!lou=le+ou(ou,</span>欢快<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。如果这个设想能成立，那么，北京话中的叹词，除独立句首之外，还有置于句尾而与语气助词在声音上结合的特殊现象。我曾称之为“溶入”。一般助词轻声、无调，而溶入叹词后，变为重读，且有复杂语调。（子尾，叠称，“的”字后缀，也有此现象。如“孩<u style="text-underline: red">子</u>”的<span lang="EN-US">za,zei,</span>“哥<u style="text-underline: red">哥</u>”的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">a,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ei,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">“姥<u style="text-underline: red">姥</u>”的<span lang="EN-US">lou,</span>“我<u style="text-underline: red">的</u>”的<span lang="EN-US">da,dei,</span>“好<u style="text-underline: red">的</u>”的<span lang="EN-US">da,dei </span>。）这类北京口语中的声音变化，有语法结构关系，值得注意、研究。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">以上是北京土语的粗略轮廓，有待于更多地掌握资料，归纳现象、剖析特点、做更全面的了解。研究北京话，其实也就是为了研究普通话。这对于了解两者的分际，促进共同语的发展是有好处的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">北京地方土语，指北京地区绝大多数人民能说、能听、能懂的话。过去有人说，北京市区地面大，东城的土语的西城的土语就不一样。如根据一些资料记载，东城叫“水桶”，西城就叫“水筲”。这个说法，百年前的旧京，可能有个别的词语使用在更小的生活圈子里（旧时多说“东城的娃娃”、“西城的娃娃”——即东城生人，西城生人，一般很少迁居、流动）。但是今天则不会再存在这种现象，因为居住、工作、学习、交际，已不再是“不出里门”了。就以我这个“老北京”来说，东西南北城，全都居住过，东西南北城全都有我工作、学习的地方。语言随着社会发展而发展，在这方圆几十里的市区之内，土语自有其一致性。但是北京市所属区县，如怀柔、密云、昌平，延庆等，地面更扩大了，不但土话词语不能尽同，连北京语音的声调调值也有小异了。因此，北京土语的研究范围，当限于市区及近郊区。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">北京土语，粗粗归纳，有下面几类。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">特有名物（土特产）。饮食，如：豆汁儿，炒肝儿，爱窝窝，他丝蜜；器物，如：秋皮钉儿，醋毒噜儿，响炕，板闼子门儿；服装，如：主腰儿，绒紧子，老头乐儿，腰里硬；搬运（交通），如：排子车，骡驮子，窝脖儿，趟子驴，冰床儿；文艺，如：十不闲儿，官戏，走票，拉大片，江面人儿，沙子灯。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2.65pt; MARGIN-LEFT: -0.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: .19; mso-para-margin-left: -.03gd" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">二、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">狭隘称说（名称与外地方言、普通话不同）。身体，如：哥棱瓣儿，耳根台子，颏拉嗉，脖梁骨；人称，如：二爹（叔），奶奶（母），活人妻，隔山的；动植物，如：地里排子，呼伯喇，老琉璃，叶儿仨，转儿莲，老鸡头。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">三、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">风习。如：年过活儿，还崩子，花糕，五供儿，四鬓刀裁儿，红白喜事，前三后二五，赶情儿，老妈妈论儿。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">四、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">熟语。如：大概其，侧来，好不影儿的，左巴，闹了归齐，二来来，不吃劲，说出七来，解饱，真个的。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">五、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">比喻。如：水葱儿，羊上树，溜肩膀儿，大撒巴掌儿，土贼儿，猴头狗，风中灯儿，铁杆儿老米树。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">六、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">嘲讽。如：瞎摸海，饿狼掏，三青子，狗食，假克礼，横巴狼子，孱头，催巴儿。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">七、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">隐讳（有的是“雅化”）。如：白果儿，生口，还酒，出虚恭，夜净儿，外快，三只手，混事的，瞎道儿，挨人儿。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">八、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">外来语。如：鹅涟（满），塌塌儿（满），哈拉巴（满）乜贴（回）乌程了（回），胡同儿（蒙），喀拉（藏）。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">九、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">旧京老词儿（可见旧社会制度风习，有的至今沿用）。如：教习，学伴儿，巡捕，坐家女儿，虚子，老根人家儿，卖呆儿，架秧子，立规矩，关饷。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">俏皮话儿。如：牛蹄子两半子，翻滚不落架儿，肝儿颤，满嘴跑舌头，狗喃八泡屎，罗圈儿架，胯骨轴儿上的亲戚，窝了犄角，一个揖作到了儿，过得去针儿还得过得去线儿。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十一、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">四字格成语。如：鸦默雀静儿，胡吃海塞，孤丁绊块，老实巴交，硬砍实凿，托人弄戗。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十二、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">后缀词尾。如：绿不英，苦不阴儿，温得乎儿，黑不溜丘，胡噜巴涂，滑不唧撩，干丝唿咧，花里虎哨儿，毛了咕唧，一股龙通，有的是为了使单音节变为双音节，如：匀实，磁实，皮实，辣实，热乎，乱乎，轻生，扁生，脆生，细发，硬棒，面啖，瘪咕，紧衬，试巴，支巴，打咕，叨咕，塞咕，甩搭，扭搭，呼搭，扒拉，划拉，扑拉。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十三、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">形容词前缀。如：溜满儿，瓮阔，齁咸，干冷，侉大，苗细，滴溜圆，流油儿光，杀口甜，裂牙子酸。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十四、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">歇后语。和其他方言中有大量的歇后语一样，它的本身没有什么特殊。不过北京的歇后语，有的包含着北京特有的事物、风习，或包含着北京土词，土音。如：“老太太喝豆汁儿——好稀”，“好稀”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">hàoxi</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">谐“好喜”的音，土语“好喜”是自己愿意，高兴这么干。“豆汁儿”也是北京特有的风味食物。“挑水的回头——过井了”，以“井”谐“景”字音，“过景”是北京土语，过时之意。但这一条歇后语，在河北、河南、山东等“分尖团”的方言区，就会不理解，因为“井”是尖音（古“精纽”字）。“景”是团音（古“见纽”字）。两字并不同音，可北京人嘴里是同音的（尖团不分）。“天桥儿把式——净说不练”，“天桥儿”在北京前门外，是一个旧北京的热闹集市，那里有走江湖、练把式、卖假药的。“看街的说睡语——不管那一段儿”，“看街的”是旧北京在里巷间管杂事的人役。“老妈儿抱孩子——人家的”，“老妈儿”是旧北京对女仆、保姆的称谓。“剃头挑子——一头儿热”，“剃头挑子”是旧时北京串巷的理髪匠的担子，一端有炭火、水盆。“长虫吃扁担——直棍一条<span lang="EN-US">”,</span>“直棍儿”为北京土词，指正直无私、洁身自好的人。其余如“马尾<span lang="EN-US">y</span>ǐ儿拴豆腐——提不起来”，“耗子尾<span lang="EN-US">y</span>ǐ巴抠（<span lang="EN-US">kōu</span>雕刻）骰<span lang="EN-US">sh</span>ǎ<span lang="EN-US">i</span>子——小贫骨头儿”等都有北京土语色彩。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">北京土语有几个特点，值得研究。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">一、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>有音无字。有音无字。当然不是多数，如：<span lang="EN-US">bi</span>ā<span lang="EN-US">,d</span>é<span lang="EN-US">n,pi</span>ē<span lang="EN-US">xie,y</span>à<span lang="EN-US">r</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">u,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">zhāiwai,ju</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ě<span lang="EN-US">wu,</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">zuòqin</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">húlu,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">ēzhar,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">白头儿<span lang="EN-US">diēxie,</span>油脂哥<span lang="EN-US">n</span>ā<span lang="EN-US">i,</span>胆儿小<span lang="EN-US">cuánr</span>稀。有的可以暂时借用同音字，字义稍沾边际，尚可写出。有的没有同音字，或丝毫无关，不宜借用。如<span lang="EN-US">c</span>è<span lang="EN-US">i(</span>把碗～了<span lang="EN-US">)</span>，<span lang="EN-US">bàzha</span>（～两脚泥），<span lang="EN-US">m</span>ū<span lang="EN-US">yu</span>（老太太没牙嚼不动，只好含在嘴里～着），<span lang="EN-US">d</span>ē<span lang="EN-US">nl</span>ē<span lang="EN-US">n</span>（～着大肚子），<span lang="EN-US">háo</span>（～着屁股）等。这个现象，说明北京土语显示了它的口语性，打破文字局限，不受文字拘束。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">二、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>字音讹变。这类异读，还可按词义探索，估计其本字。<span lang="EN-US">kènjiér</span>（肯綮之变），<span lang="EN-US">wūtu</span>（温暾之变），死<span lang="EN-US">qi</span>白<span lang="EN-US">li</span>ē（死求白赖之变），歪<span lang="EN-US">ba</span>横狼（狈之变），打<span lang="EN-US">zhe</span>吊歪（正之变），二<span lang="EN-US">le</span>八档（栏之变），贱眉<span lang="EN-US">là</span>样（浪之变），铁<span lang="EN-US">chuàn</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">子（铳之变），<span lang="EN-US">l</span>ǘ<span lang="EN-US">j</span>ū子（黧鸡之变），<span lang="EN-US">jiàn</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">杆儿（箭之变），巴<span lang="EN-US">dá</span>杏儿（旦之变）。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0; tab-stops: 163.05pt" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">三、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>疑似外来语（音译成词）。但尚无确据，有待考证。如：罕迈罕迈地（缓步之状）、恩镇（舒适）、镏子<span lang="EN-US">liùzi</span>（戒指）、闷得密（私自占有）、苦得累（衣服破烂、肮脏、难看），巫来由（不务正业者），德合乐（摔跤的腰带）等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">四、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>文言成分。中间夹用古词字。如：借<u style="text-underline: red">此</u>为由，<u style="text-underline: red">愍</u>而受死，含<u style="text-underline: red">而</u>忽<u style="text-underline: red">之</u>，概<u style="text-underline: red">而</u>不论，钻头<u style="text-underline: red">觅</u>缝儿，<u style="text-underline: red">蹊跷</u>古怪儿，<u style="text-underline: red">居</u>家过日子，野<u style="text-underline: red">调</u>无腔，一爷<u style="text-underline: red">之</u>孙，在<u style="text-underline: red">其</u>位的，至<u style="text-underline: red">矣</u>尽<u style="text-underline: red">矣</u>，沾事<u style="text-underline: red">则</u>迷。<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">五、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>历史事物保留痕迹。本身是旧词语，但从中可见历史上的社会制度风习的点滴，生命不衰，至今事物本身不存，而这个旧词语却沿用下来。如：镚子儿不值（小铜镚儿），一个子儿不值（铜子儿），九吊六的（清末最高茶叶价，代表好听的话），海子鹿（海子指南苑湖泊，清帝围场，其鹿驯顺，喻痴呆），掩栅栏儿（“栅栏儿”<span lang="EN-US">shālànr</span>，清末里巷两端有栅栏门，至晚关闭，傍晚虚掩，至今作为傍晚的代称），六扔（<span lang="EN-US">l</span>ē<span lang="EN-US">n</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">）多远（旧时儿童游戏，投掷木棒，比赛远近），打印子（旧时放债，每月付息，盖印章，今作为零碎修理花费的代称），烧高香（迷信供佛，今用为谢天谢地的代词），私盐包（旧时有私盐商贩），吊膀子（清代有“弓房儿”供人习武。练习拉弓，必先吊膀子，练时头颈扭向一侧，瞪眼注视目标，悬起膀臂。后作为男女调情的代称，“膀”<span lang="EN-US">b</span>ǎ<span lang="EN-US">n</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">变调），半斤八两（今已改十进位，此词仍存），天桥儿把式（“净说不练”，但这是旧时北京天桥艺人的情况，今天已没有了，但“天桥儿把式”仍沿用），王道、霸道（孔、孟所论“王道”好，“霸道”坏，但沿用至今，都是贬义，表示凶恶，如：这蚊子可真王道；这白蛉子也够霸道），四六句子（指骂人的话，但把“骈四俪六”移用，由最典雅变为最粗野），贼死王活（本义“成者王候，败者贼寇”，“窃国者候，窃钩者诛”，现用为痛苦欲死之意，不管“王活”了，如：累得贼死王活）。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">六、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>有相当的稳固性。如《红楼梦》、《儿女英雄传》中的北京土话，至今仍照用。前者如：这程子，排插，刚口，硬朗，鼓捣，抓子儿，隔肢，歪了腿，鲫瓜儿，胡吣，（写作“<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">浸</span>”），狼犺，颠（写作“走真</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">”），爬拉，展样等；后者如：一铳子性儿，干了，闹得不象，风火事儿，批游飞，四鬓刀裁，扫脑儿，老妈妈论儿，守地（用锯末等扫地），抖积伶，没溜儿，拍花，架桩，海里奔，扎筏子，填还人等。只有用字与今日或有小异。曹雪芹距今二百五十余年，文康距今一百六十余年。他们所用的许多北京土语至今仍活在北京人口里。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">七、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>保留古汉语成分。有一些词语写不出现代常用字，实际是古汉语。如：破衣<span lang="EN-US">lasa,lasa</span>是古语，本字是“<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">□</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">□</span>”，“衣敝貌”。（见《集韵》《类篇》）<span lang="EN-US">māsa</span>（用手掌下按而连续移动地抚摩动作，如：～衣裳，～肚子，～一把脸），老舍先生在《骆驼祥子》里写作“瀎泧”。按““瀎泧”见《说文解字》，“拭灭貌“。段玉裁注：“瀎泧<span lang="EN-US">(mòsà)</span>，今京师人语如此，音如麻沙，<span lang="EN-US">......</span>手上下之言也。”段氏是清</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">乾隆年间人，距今二百五十多年，已注出“京师人语”——即北京土话。老舍先生是用了古本字。可见这个土语，也是古语，其词在汉代已有。有人奇怪，“大栅栏儿（北京有名的繁华商业街道，在前门外）”为什么念<span lang="EN-US">dàshalàr</span>？其实北京街巷用“栅栏”命名的不止一处，但有的念<span lang="EN-US">zhàlanr</span>有的念<span lang="EN-US">shālàr</span>的，或写作“沙栏”（广安门内牛街小巷“沙栏胡同”），“沙络”<span lang="EN-US">shālào</span>（西四西有“沙络胡同”）。傍晚时候，土语叫“掩栅栏儿”也念<span lang="EN-US">shālàr</span>。按《广韵》，“栅”有<span lang="EN-US">zhà</span>（楚革切）、<span lang="EN-US">shān</span>（所攀切）的不同读法，<span lang="EN-US">shā</span>是取<span lang="EN-US">shān</span>音而丢掉韵尾，阳声变阴声，北京土音不乏其例，因此“栅栏”念成<span lang="EN-US">shālànr</span>，是古音的存留。至于说“去”为<span lang="EN-US">ke,</span>如“您哪儿<span lang="EN-US">ke</span>？<span lang="EN-US">ke</span>与<span lang="EN-US">qu</span>是古今之变。附带说一句，今日研究北京话，并不一定钻故纸堆去“考本字”。即使知其本字，本字太生僻，实不如用同音代替之法，只以常用字描摹其语音。比方“罗锅儿”，人人认得，如必写成“<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">□</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">□</span>”</span> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">luó </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">ɡ<span lang="EN-US">uān</span>（《广韵》有此词，解为“腰膝痛也”），似乎并没什么好处。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">八、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>“四字格”成语中有一字讹变。四字格成语，北京话中大量存在。其中<span lang="EN-US">AB</span>——<span lang="EN-US">CD</span>结构，由两个主谓式、偏正式、动宾式、动补式词组相对偶的较多。如：钉槽木烂、嘎七马八、半傻不苶、抓土攘烟儿、打净捞干。也有一部分<span lang="EN-US">ABCD</span>格的四字平列式，如：干艮倔<span lang="EN-US">zàn</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">ɡ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">等。但是有的当中某一个字说时含混不清，写出字来，感觉这个语素在四字中配合不上，从语义上也难探索其本字。如：人模狗样儿，“狗”字可疑，五风六月，“风”字可疑，严丝合缝，“丝”字可疑，胡吃狗打，“打”字可疑，阴死八活，“八”字可疑，“坑儿坎儿嘛杂儿”，“嘛”字可疑。这是长期口头应用而讹变的，也是口语脱离文字的现象之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">九、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>词语结构特别。结构特别，就是不合一般规律。如：值不当的（不值当的）、偷着眼儿（偷看）、误心中（并非有意）、至无能死（达到最差的程度）、事不有余（过度）、末其在（不重要）、闯婚作（不用占卜而定婚）、一文不值半文（毫无价值）、万般无计奈（无法，“奈”字无义）、鹰钩儿鼻子（鹰鼻，但说者实是用“鹰钩儿”形容鼻子，“鹰钩儿”不通。是把“鹰——钩儿鼻子”习惯误连）。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">十、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>形象性熟语。不少短语生动活泼，其形象性超过一般雅言。如：软刀子锯人，无影儿大风，打游飞，眼前欢儿，仰八脚子，倔巴棍子，扭股儿别棒，四脖子汗流，揪着沙肝儿攥着连贴，敲锣边儿，站缸沿儿，狗颠屁股垂儿，瞧哈哈儿笑等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0" class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">十一、细微的动作区别。同是一类动作，但因小有不同，于是各有一词，使用者要用得合适、准确。如：看的动作有“瞜、瞭（～高儿）、撩、瞟、溜、寻摸、寻瞜、夹伺（不～他）、<span lang="EN-US">qié</span>棱（～他一眼）、白（～了一眼）”等；搔、抓的动作有“挠、擓、<span lang="EN-US">(húlu)</span>”等；走的动作有“颠、溜、挠（<span lang="EN-US">náo</span>，～鸭子，～了）、遶（<span lang="EN-US">r</span>ā<span lang="EN-US">o</span>）、瞭（<span lang="EN-US">li</span>ā<span lang="EN-US">o</span>）等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> 看完这篇“北京土语探索”后，觉得内容很详实，有助于了解北京方言的由来，为了继承传播北京方言文化，照猫画虎儿的敲录了一遍，但书中这类特殊符号<span lang="EN-US">、<span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial unicode=" 11.0pt? mso-bidi-font-size: 14pt; FONT-SIZE: MS?,?sans-serif?; Unicode?>?<span lang="EN-US">]、<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast" lang="EN-US">r</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast">，等，</span>只是大概齐的仿照（因本人电脑知识有限）。其二、带“<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: Roman?; New?>□</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: Roman?; New?>□</span>”的字曾插入了小图片，但不知为什么显示不出来，后以<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: Roman?; New?>□</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: Roman?; New?>□</span>代替，由于电子书有些章节扫描的不是很清楚，其中不免与原书有一点点差异，但整体上是按原文录入的，在此向浏览者说明。</span></span></span> “cèi为打碎，“把玻璃cèi了。
我以为，只所以演化成 cèi，是因为以前家里的瓷碗，玻璃什么的都很金贵，一旦打碎了就有很可惜，当知道打碎了的时候，发“碎”这个音的时候，是咬牙切齿的，一咬牙，明明是该发SUI这个音，就发不成了，于是就发成了cèi 随着普通话的普及 好多东西都被扔掉了，这帖子经典啊，里面很对内容已经很长时间没听人念叨起了 小时候总听上上一辈说这些土语，现在大部分已经很少听到了，学习了~~~~ 现在年龄大的北京人说的北京话 中年人说的是普通话 年轻人说的是一种嘴里含着东西的新北京话。 <p>满口哇噻、我靠</p>
<p> </p> <p>xiaoxile</p>
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