明代的恤老政策
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 121pt; mso-char-indent-count: 5.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">明代的恤老政策</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">据《明史</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">食货志》记载：男子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁以上为成丁，必须为官府服徭役，满</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁方可免徭役。这表明明代以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁作为老年的开始。因而对其采取了免除徭役的优待措施。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁以上的老年人则被划入高龄范围。对高龄老人，免役范围扩展到其亲属。洪武元年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1368</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年）诏令“民年七十之上者，许一丁侍养，免杂泛差役”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明代还规定要对老年人进行物质赏赐与救济。物质救济主要限于贫穷家庭的老年人以及鳏寡孤独的老人。洪武十九年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1386</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年）六月，明太祖特诏所在有司，精审耆民，贫无产业者，八十岁以上月给米五斗，肉五斤、酒三斗；九十以上，岁加赐帛一匹、絮十斤，并要求“著为令”。永乐二十二年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1424</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年），令“民年七十以上及笃废残疾者，许一丁侍养。不能自存者，有司赈给。八十以上者仍给绢二匹，棉二斤，酒一斗”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对于老年人触犯刑律，明代政府也给予谅免。在同等罪行面前，对老年人，特别是其中的高龄者，量刑处罚予以适当减轻，甚至免除。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明代为提高老年人社会地位的还经常举行乡饮酒礼。乡饮酒礼是中国自先秦以来流行于社会的一种民间尊老仪式，由政府机构出面主持。明朝政府明确指出：“乡饮之设，所以尊高年，尚有德，兴礼让”。民间里社以百家为一会，每季行之于里中。洪武十六年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1383</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年），颁行《乡饮酒礼图式》，规定乡饮酒礼每年正月十五日‘<chsdate wst="on" year="2008" month="10" day="29" islunardate="True" isrocdate="False">十月初一日</chsdate>于儒学举行。洪武十八年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1385</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年），重定乡饮酒礼，明确要“叙长幼、论贤良、别奸顽、异罪人”。进而规定席次等具体内容。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外，明政府还颁布了终身养老制诏令。洪武十九年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1386</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年）和二十年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1387</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年），朱元璋连续两次颁布诏令，宣布实行孤贫老人终身养老制度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt;"><p></p></span></p> <p>社会福利的好与坏，取决于国家的综合国力，完善的社会保障体系，及有效的监督、监管体制。当时的明朝亦如此也。</p> 是安逸
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