北京胡同街巷地名故事
<p>咱北京是个具有深厚文化底蕴的城市,每个地名都有着他特殊的历史,不知道咱们这有没有这样的内容了,要是没有,大家努力的总结一下吧。</p> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>斑马</i>在2008-8-28 22:08:46的发言:</b><br/><p></p>那套书还算经典!</div><p>很有参考价值</p>回复:倡议贴-征集北京地名由来,提议析津志和斑马,最好如此这般
<div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>baishuiwan</i>在2008-8-27 12:37:42的发言:</b><br/><p>咱北京是个具有深厚文化底蕴的城市,每个地名都有着他特殊的历史,不知道咱们这有没有这样的内容了,要是没有,大家努力的总结一下吧。</p></div><p> 提议析津志和斑马二位仁兄,最好像《古塔集锦》》那样,将《北京地名由来》设个专集,并且置顶,欢迎大家评说,有话的说话,有片的上片,新旧对比更好。</p><p> 大家经常逛胡同,拍胡同,去一个胡同首先要提到胡同的名称。老北京胡同名称也包括街道名称大有讲究,最早的有元代的,如砖塔胡同,最近的有这几年的,如西单远大路。其间见证着北京的历史、演变、发展,也包括消失。</p><p> 北京胡同名称有的直白,如九道湾,八道湾,因为胡同弯曲,但是也有说法,为何要用三点水的“湾”,不用弯曲的“弯”?因为有的“某某湾”,过去有河流或水沟,所以要用“湾”。要知道,北京过去也是水城,到处都有河湖沟渠,洼子,湾子,某某桥,某某坑,就连故宫里也有河。现在大多都平了,真成了“北平”了。但是在地名里多有保留。 </p><p> 北京胡同名称有的隐晦,如时刻亮胡同,并非胡同里有长明灯,24小时都亮着,而是旧名“屎壳郎”的雅化谐音。然而进一步深究,“屎壳郎”又是所谓何来?这个就连斋主也不知道。又如,广宁伯胡同原来有个伯爵,但是“高义伯胡同”非但没有伯爵,而且旧名“狗尾巴”,北京话叫“狗以巴”。</p><p> 随便问几个地名,就足以令人晕菜(高人专家除外):</p><p>顶银胡同有银子吗?</p><p>毡子胡同有毡子吗?</p><p>厂桥有“厂”有“桥”吗?</p><p>银闸胡同有银闸吗?</p><p>官书院胡同有“官书”吗?</p><p>花园胡同有花园吗?</p><p>复兴门,建国门,没有城门为何叫门,而且复什么兴?建什么国?</p><p>和平门为何触怒日本?被迫改为“兴华门”?</p><p>高人们,以及谦虚说不算太高的人们,各抒己见吧,天天出没胡同,不会没有感受或疑问,都可以谈谈听听看看乐乐。好吗?</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> 已阅!建议交析津志办理!不过介绍北京地名的书满大街都是,可以推荐些书叫大家去买.我一直很希望史地版的朋友们能搞一些别人没有搞过的题目或项目,老吃别人嚼过的馒头很难提高自身实力. 西单、东单、西四、东四,是根据原有牌楼的数量而得名。 <br/>比如:西单,原来叫 单牌楼 因其在西边,所以叫 西 单牌楼,同样,东边也有一个牌楼,就叫 东 单牌楼,因为后来牌楼拆了,名称里也就将牌楼省略了,直接叫西单、东单 <br/>同理,西四,原来叫 西 四牌楼,是因为在西边,而且有四个牌楼(东西南北各一个),东四==东 四牌楼。此二者也是因为后来牌楼拆了,简称为西四、东四 <br/><br/>东四十条:东四路口往北,马路东边分别有14条东西向的胡同,其中,第10条胡同比较宽,后经改造,通上了公共汽车,并在相应的地方设了一站,站名就叫东四十条,公共汽车所走的,就是一个胡同。再后来修平安大街,10条就没了,彻底改成大街了,但张自忠路路口往北,还有东四12条等 <br/> 同意,先置顶起来,靠大家力量完成. 似乎90年最有 出过一套《地名志》按照区县做的 主编 张百发 <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>易水离歌</i>在2008-8-28 20:45:02的发言:</b><br/>似乎90年最有 出过一套《地名志》按照区县做的 主编 张百发</div><p></p>那套书还算经典!韩家胡同是谁家?配合10.4前门拍记,八大胡同之一
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">配合掌柜10月4日拍记前门地区,摘发此文,韩家胡同是谁家?</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,原号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">172</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,韩家胡同(此文原载况晗、陆元新书《消失的胡同》)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">韩家胡同,位于北京市宣武区大栅栏地区。明代属正南坊管界,清代属外城北城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">明清时期,由西苑南海流出一条河沟,向南流经今北新华街、南新华街、虎坊路,注入虎坊路南口处的南下洼子,这条河沟在今南新华街一带留下了虎坊桥、章家桥、百顺后河等与水相关的地名,又在地势低洼的韩家胡同积水成潭。《北京市宣武区地名志》记述,韩家胡同原有的水潭在明代称寒葭潭,清代因韩元少曾居于此,故又称韩家潭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">韩元少是苏州人,生于明崇祯十年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1637</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年),清康熙十一年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1672</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年)秋季参加北京顺天府乡试,考中举人。次年春季参加全国会试,在<span style="COLOR: black;">殿试对策中指斥吴三桂等三藩拥兵自重,图谋不轨,应该尽快撤销。当时康熙皇帝正在筹划撤除三藩,铲除地方割据势力,韩元少的对策正中下怀,遂在韩元少对策的卷首朱笔亲书“第一甲第一名”,点为</span>状元。韩元少历任内阁学士兼礼部右侍郎、翰林院掌院学士、礼部尚书等高官,主编过《大清一统志》。《清史稿·韩元少列传》说他“读书通五经,恬旷好山水。朋游饮酒,欢谐终日,而制行清严”。康熙皇帝曾表彰他“天下才,美风度,奏对诚实……学问优长,文章大雅,前代所仅有,所撰拟能道朕意中事”,并赐他匾额“笃志经学,润色鸿业”。康熙四十三年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1704</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年),韩元少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">68</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁时病逝于北京。《清史稿》说韩元少的儿子韩孝基也是进士,在雍正年间参加过编修《明史》,活到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">清人吴长元所著《宸垣识略》记述,李渔在南京的住处称为芥子园,他刊印的画册名为《芥子园画谱》,他在北京韩家潭胡同的住处也叫芥子园,到乾隆时期已成为广东会馆。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">李渔,别号笠翁,浙江兰溪人,是明末清初著名戏剧家。主要作品有剧本《笠翁十种曲》和讲述戏曲理论、美食、营造、园艺的《闲情偶寄》等。李渔擅长造园叠石,北京二龙路郑亲王府的花园“惠园”,美术馆后街黄米胡同的“半亩园”,都是李渔设计营造的。李渔还著有讲述诗词楹联对仗的《笠翁对韵》,至今仍为人们传诵的“天对地,雨对风,大陆对长空,山花对海树,赤日对苍穹”,即出自这部著作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">乾隆年间四大徽班进京,其中率先进京的三庆班就住在韩家潭。后来很多戏班和戏剧名家也寓居于韩家潭和相邻的百顺胡同,因此有“人不辞路,虎不辞山,唱戏的不离百顺韩家潭”之说。老北京戏剧界的梨园公会就设在韩家潭胡同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">韩家潭胡同西端是堂子街,旧称堂子胡同。早年八大胡同一带开有许多堂子,最初是培养年轻演员的地方,因堂号皆称“某某堂”,故俗称为“堂子”。堂子里那些容貌清秀、男扮女妆的男旦被称为“像姑”,清初禁止官员嫖娼,于是权贵们就引诱男旦充当男妓,“像姑”也被讹称为“相公”。相公堂子又称“私寓”,多数集中在韩家潭一带。清末至民国时期的学者齐如山在《齐如山回忆录》中说:“私寓又名相公堂子。在光绪年间,这种私寓前后总有一百多处。光绪二十六年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年)以前四五年中,就有五、六十家之多。可以说都是私寓”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年庚子之乱以后,朝政大紊,朝廷已顾不上查禁官员嫖娼之事,此后八大胡同才开始有了大量公开挂牌的妓院,因此说在八大胡同,是戏班早于堂子,堂子早于妓院。旧日的韩家潭胡同里多为“南班”高档妓院,曾有环采阁、金美楼、满春院、金凤楼、燕春楼、美仙院、庆元春等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">笙歌归院落,灯火下楼台。韩元少府邸无觅,芥子园踪迹难寻,青楼妓馆皆化作商铺民居。此图所绘,即是一座旧日的“青楼”,不过几年之后再看,青楼已被改建成红窗红瓦的“红楼”了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/200892915294267738.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089291530036097.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>食烟火斋</i>在2008-9-25 1:37:56的发言:</b><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251331599137.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251341653042.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251343251820.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925135970457.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251353555344.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251364340055.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251375220775.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/></div><p>外国学者指铜版画不是郎世宁所绘制....刚从外国订了一本书,还没到手,内里有专题讨论铜版画.看后再和大家研究.</p>回复HK兄,郎世宁铜版画的说法出处
<p>郎世宁绘制西洋楼铜版画底稿的说法,我是从圆明园学会会刊第三期《圆明园》里看来的。因为学识不足,难以判断真相,好在有出处,不算我编造的,于是就采用了。要是有了准确的说法,我很有兴趣学习啊。</p><p>香港是个好地方,去过7次,住在湾仔华润公司,每次几天,过境免签证的缘故。</p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089301134759745.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>“八大胡同”都有哪些胡同?
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">此文原载《消失的胡同》,为了配合10月4日前门拍记,发出来供网友参考</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">91</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,原号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">174</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,大百顺胡同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大百顺胡同,位于北京市宣武区大栅栏地区。明代属正南坊管界,清代属外城北城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老北京城的“前三门”(正阳门、宣武门、崇文门)以南称为南城,亦称外城,外城大致以珠市口为界分为南北两部分,《燕都丛考》记述,“外城北面繁盛,南面较荒僻。戏馆、酒楼、妓所之属,多在南城一带,故俗有‘中城(中城主要指前门大街两侧)珠玉锦绣’之谣。且当时(清代)汉人之宦京师者,多旅居宣武门外,崇文门外则为商人荟萃之所,故俗又有‘东富西贵’之谚”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老北京城为元明清三代古都,锦绣富贵之乡自然少不了达官贵人们寻欢买笑的销魂之窟。元代的妓院多在砖塔胡同一带,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那里的西院、勾阑胡同都是妓院集中的区域。明代的妓院多在灯市口以东,那里的东院、南院、演乐胡同等处也是妓院集中的区域。清代将北京内城划为八旗辖区,不准在内城开办戏馆、妓院,此后逐渐在外城位于“东富西贵”之间的大栅栏一带形成了“八大胡同”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">八大胡同泛指大栅栏地区青楼妓馆密集的地方,并不仅限于八条胡同。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> 旧京曾有歌谣说道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">八大胡同自古名,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<br/></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陕西百顺石头城(陕西巷、百顺胡同、石头胡同),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韩家潭畔弦歌杂(韩家潭,今称韩家胡同),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<br/></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王广斜街灯火明(王广福斜街),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万佛寺前车辐辏(万佛寺系陕西巷与石头胡同之间小巷,今称万福巷),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二条营外路纵横(大外廊营、小外廊营),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<br/></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貂裘豪客知多少,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<br/></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簇簇胭脂坡上行(胭脂胡同)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其实八大胡同最早并不以妓院闻名,而是因戏班、艺人聚集著称。清代乾隆五十五年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1790</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)是乾隆皇帝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁大寿,安徽三庆班应召进京演戏祝寿,此后安徽四喜班、和春班、春台班相继前来,留在北京,史称“四大徽班进京”。清人杨掌生作于道光年间的《京尘杂录》记述,戏班“各有总寓,俗称大下处。春台寓百顺胡同,三庆寓韩家潭,四喜寓陕西巷,和春寓李铁拐斜街(今铁树斜街)”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百顺胡同道路宽敞平直,妓院密集,自清末至民国皆号称“八大胡同之首”。胡同里住过戏剧名家程长庚、杨朵仙、俞菊生、陈德霖、迟月亭等人,开设过群芳馆、凤鸣院、泉香班、美凤院、鑫凤院、潇湘馆、莳花馆、松竹馆、鑫雅阁、阑香院、美锦院等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多家高等妓院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百顺胡同西端有两个分支,一为小百顺胡同,一为大百顺胡同。大百顺胡同旧称“百顺后河”,向西北经章家桥(今称臧家桥胡同)可达南新华街,那里原有一条由西苑南海向南流经琉璃厂的河沟。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自从取缔妓院之后,有不少妓院老房被改建为旅馆,也有一些占地较大的妓院被分割为几处民居。走在这一带胡同里,时常会见到昔日妓院遗留的小楼,破旧的门窗和檐板多残存着斑驳的绿色油漆,难怪过去妓院又称为“青楼”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p>
陕西巷:红颜薄命的赛金花和小凤仙归宿如何?
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">此文原载《消失的胡同》</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">89</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,原号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">170</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,陕西巷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陕西巷,位于北京市宣武区大栅栏地区。明代属正南坊管界,清代属外城北城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陕西巷在明代《京师五城坊巷胡同集》已有记载。胡同呈南北向,纵贯于大栅栏南部地区,北口接铁树斜街(旧称李铁拐斜街),南口通珠市口西大街,是个交通便利的地方,在旧时亦属“八大胡同”之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">旧时八大胡同的妓院也分等级。一等妓院称为“清吟小班”,妓女多来自苏州、杭州、扬州,自幼学习歌舞弹唱,有的还会琴棋书画。二等妓院称为“茶室”。三等妓院称为“下处”。陕西巷以及西侧的百顺胡同、韩家潭多为一等清吟小班,陕西巷以东则多为二、三等妓院。陕西巷的清吟小班里出过两个知名妓女,即赛金花和小凤仙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有关赛金花的传奇故事很多,清末文人曾朴还将其写成小说《孽海花》。较为贴切的说法,见于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1934</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年北京大学<personname wst="on" productid="刘半农">刘半农</personname>教授和学生商鸿逵经十几次直接采访写成的《赛金花本事》。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">赛金花本姓赵,原籍安徽徽州,在苏州居住。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁时因家道中落,到苏州花船上做了卖艺不卖身的“清倌人”,不久在花船上被回乡守孝的官员洪钧赏识,纳为小妾,这年赛金花</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁,洪钧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个月后,洪钧守孝期满回京,被派往欧洲任出使俄、德、奥、比四国钦差大臣,因洪钧正妻不愿出国,遂由赛金花陪同出使。《清史稿·洪钧列传》记述,洪钧,苏州吴县人,同治七年考中状元,历任湖北学政和内阁学士,挂兵部侍郎衔出使欧洲三年,于光绪十六年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1890</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)回国,接任总理各国事务衙门。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">赛金花随洪钧回国后,住在前门外小草厂,三年后又在东城史家胡同买了大宅院,不料尚未及搬家,洪钧即于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1893</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年病逝,赛金花护送灵柩回苏州后,就去了上海开设妓院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1898</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,赛金花去天津开设了“金花班”妓院,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,赛金花为躲避天津义和团战乱,逃难到北京,因会说德语,结识了德国军官,据她自称还与德军统帅瓦德西有过交往。八国联军撤退以后,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1903</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年赛金花在陕西巷又开设了妓院,她说每天除去各项开销后,能净赚一个元宝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,因手下妓女服毒自尽,赛金花被刑部判决驱逐出京,转去上海继续开设妓院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1918</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,赛金花嫁给国会参议员魏斯炅为妾,重回北京居住。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1922</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年魏斯炅死去,赛金花移居天桥居仁里,于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1936</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">64</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁时在寂寞贫困中死去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小凤仙是陕西巷云吉班妓院里的妓女,因与蔡锷将军的交往而名声大振,历久不衰。有资料记述,小凤仙本姓朱,杭州人,母亲是朱家的小妾,因受大老婆歧视,遂带着她离开朱家单过。不久母亲病逝,由姓张的奶妈收养,因此她改姓张。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1911</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年辛亥革命期间杭州爆发战争,张奶妈带着她逃往上海,因衣食无着,将她典给一位胡师傅到南京学戏卖唱为生,取艺名“小凤仙”。约在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1915</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,小凤仙被胡师傅带到北京,进陕西巷云吉班当了妓女。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1916</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年蔡锷将军反对袁世凯称帝成功之后,当年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日病逝于日本,年仅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">34</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁。此后小凤仙飘零流落,据说曾嫁给东北军王师长为妾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1949</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">49</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁的小凤仙在沈阳与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁的东北政府机关锅炉工人李振海结婚,成了李振海</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个子女的继母。梅兰芳先生的秘书许姬传在《许姬传艺坛漫路》书中写道:“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1951</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,梅兰芳剧团到沈阳演出,有一天,交际处送来一封信,(信里)还有白字,但她的具名却引起大家的兴趣━━原在北京陕西巷住,张氏小凤仙,现改名张洗非”。梅兰芳夫妇和许姬传一同在旅馆接待了小凤仙,事后梅兰芳还请交际处帮助小凤仙在机关幼儿园安排了一份工作。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1954</span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,更名为张洗非的小凤仙在沈阳病逝世,终年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">54</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1998</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,李振海的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多岁的子女们才知道,当年的继母张洗非原来就是小凤仙。他们回忆说小凤仙“爱美,整洁,不爱干活”,“刚建国的时候,大家都穿得很土气,可是她特别爱穿旗袍,而且在旗袍一侧别着一个小手帕”,“继母特别喜欢一张照片,她总是拿出那张照片静静地看,看照片时也从不忌讳我们,那是她和一个年轻将军的照片,照片里的男人很英武,肩上有着很大的章,衣服上还有很多金黄色的穗。我就问她这是谁啊,她还是淡淡地一笑,回答这是一个朋友”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小凤仙那次与梅兰芳见面,是李振海的女儿李桂兰陪同去的。李桂兰回忆说,我看到<personname wst="on" productid="梅">梅</personname>先生对继母那样客气,就知道继母不是一般人。李桂兰的哥哥李有才回忆说,继母的“葬礼我去了,父亲把继母最喜欢的照片放进棺材里,其他的都烧掉了,我记得应该是秋天的时候”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蔡锷将军生前送给小凤仙一副对联写道:“不信美人终薄命,由来侠女出风尘”。蔡锷病逝后在北京中央公园(今中山公园)公祭时,小凤仙送去的挽联引用三国周瑜和唐朝李靖与红拂女的典故写道:“不幸周郎竟短命,早知李靖是英雄”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一条云雨风尘路,两行东倒西歪屋。一言难尽的陕西巷啊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p>
长椿街地名由来和长椿寺黄瓦配殿起因
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">长椿寺曾有两位皇太后画像(此文原载2006年2月17日《中国档案报》)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">撰文及供图:陆元</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">长椿寺,曾有“京师首刹”之称,位于北京市宣武区长椿街,是明代万历皇帝的母亲李太后兴建的皇家寺院。长椿街亦由长椿寺得名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年底,长椿寺修缮完工,被辟为宣南文化博物馆,对公众开放。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">长椿寺中轴线上的正殿都是灰色瓦顶,惟独左右厢房却各有一座高大的配殿,覆盖着皇家规格的黄琉璃瓦。原来,这两座配殿曾供奉过明代李太后和刘太后的画像。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">李太后家在京郊漷县永乐店(今属通州),自幼家贫,被当瓦匠的父亲李伟卖给通州的陈家,做了<personname wst="on" productid="陈">陈</personname>小姐的丫环。不久<personname wst="on" productid="陈">陈</personname>小姐被皇子裕王娶为王妃,李氏也跟着进了王府,并为裕王生了儿子。裕王后来做了隆庆皇帝,<personname wst="on" productid="陈">陈</personname>小姐封为皇后,李氏封为贵妃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">隆庆皇帝死后,因<personname wst="on" productid="陈">陈</personname>小姐无子,李氏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁的儿子即位,成为万历皇帝。虽然李氏与<personname wst="on" productid="陈">陈</personname>小姐同时升格为皇太后,但李氏总有自卑感,觉着自己比当过正宫皇<personname wst="on" productid="后的陈">后的陈</personname>小姐低一头,她就宣称自己是九莲菩萨转世下凡,并广建寺庙,想借着佛教的光环来抬高地位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万历二十年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1592</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年),李太后兴建了长椿寺,并将象征自己的九莲菩萨画像供奉于寺中的配殿。她的儿子万历皇帝依据《庄子</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">•</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">逍遥游》中“上古有大椿者,以八千岁为春,八千岁为秋,此大年也”的典故,为寺院命名为长椿寺,意在祝福母亲长寿。万历皇帝还让长椿寺住持老和尚的大弟子做了代自己出家修行的替身,并赏赐寺院大量钱财。所以这座皇家寺院有了“京师首刹”的美称。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">刘太后家在宛平县(今北京市西部),是崇祯皇帝的母亲,在崇祯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁时因触犯丈夫受罚惨死。《明史》说,崇祯做了皇帝以后,追尊母亲为皇太后,但他已记不得母亲的容貌。这时崇祯的姥姥尚健在,姥姥与刘太后昔日的伙伴共同指点宫廷画师绘制了刘太后的画像,崇祯将画像迎进皇宫之后,问老宫女们画得像不像,结果有人说很像,有人说不像,崇祯听了悲伤得跪地不起,泪如雨下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">后来崇祯皇帝模仿李太后的作法,尊母亲刘太后为“宏慈极圣智上菩萨”,将刘太后菩萨装束的画像也供奉到长椿寺的配殿中,这就是长椿寺留下两座黄瓦配殿的缘由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《日下旧闻考》记述,明代两幅太后的画像在清代尚存于长椿寺大殿旁的小室中,其中李太后画像是“九朵青莲花捧一牌,题曰九莲菩萨之位”,刘太后画像是“戴毗庐帽,衣红锦袈裟,题菩萨号,下注崇祯庚辰年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1640</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年)恭绘”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1935</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,北平市政府编纂的画册《旧都文物略》,收录了当时尚存长椿寺的刘太后画像照片,使我们在今天还能一睹绘于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">360</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多年前的崇祯皇帝母亲的样子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089271733231770.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/200892717343445944.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/200892717354795635.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089271736159429.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/200892717365335194.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089271738375321.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>北天堂村郎世宁买地当地主,生前住东堂,死后葬栅栏
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁在北京(此文原载2006年6月20日《法制晚报》)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">平安春信图,回顾少年多感叹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">房顶数瓦片,十一后妃貌相似</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">南苑画阅兵,威风凛凛五花马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">东堂作壁画,毛发森森似活人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">设计西洋楼,官封三品奉宸苑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">买地北天堂,圣旨碑留大王庙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">名垂清史稿,滕公栅栏眠孤魂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月初,中央电视台播出了电视连续剧《宫廷画师郎世宁》,剧中讲述了意大利教士郎世宁在中国宫廷作画数十年的传奇般的故事。郎世宁于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1715</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁时来到北京,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1766</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁时病逝,他经历了清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝盛世,在京城度过了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年。他供职于宫廷画院如意馆,居住于王府井大街天主教东堂,主持过圆明园西洋楼的工程设计,在永定河畔购置过地产,死后由官府安葬在阜成门外的滕公栅栏教士墓地。至今,在车公庄大街北京市委党校院内的教士墓地遗址上,还留有郎世宁的墓碑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">洋教士得康熙信任</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁进宫廷画作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁,原名朱佩塞</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">伽斯底里奥内,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1688</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年出生于意大利的米兰,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁时加入教会组织耶稣会,是个颇具名气的青年画家,曾为热那亚教堂绘制过壁画,后由耶稣会派遣来中国传教,于清康熙五十四年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1715</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年)到达北京,得到康熙皇帝的接见。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">康熙皇帝对于西洋教士有着特殊的好感,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1661</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年他的父亲顺治皇帝感染天花病危时,对选择哪个儿子继承皇位产生了疑惑,正是在钦天监任职的日耳曼教士汤若望依据医学知识建议,第三子玄烨已出过天花,大难不死,具有终身免疫力,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁的玄烨才得以继承皇位,成为康熙皇帝。康熙虽对传播洋教不感兴趣,但对教士们带来的科学技术颇为看重。在当时,国家使用的历书是由日耳曼教士汤若望编制的,平定三藩之乱急需的大炮是由比利时教士南怀仁设计的,康熙身患疟疾时,也是由法国教士白晋等人用外来的金鸡纳霜治愈的。康熙皇帝欢迎画家郎世宁的到来,他安排郎世宁到內务府造办处供职。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">造办处的全称是养心殿造办处,早期设在皇宫养心殿的院内,后来迁至慈宁花园东边,下设画作、铜作、金玉作、珐琅作等几十个作坊,负责为皇家制造文玩器物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁等西洋画家所擅长的油画,具有状物逼真、比例准确的优势,但是中国皇帝不喜欢油画肖像面部明暗对比的阴影,康熙就曾吩咐郎世宁兼学中国画的技法。法国教士王致诚曾对郎世宁报怨过:我是磨练已成的油画家,不是来中国学画的人。但是郎世宁深知,要使作品令中国皇帝满意,就必须适合中国的审美情趣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁在康熙年间的作品未见传世。他留下来最早的作品是绘于雍正初年表现端午节的静物写生《午瑞图》,画面有插花、菖蒲、樱桃、粽子等节令应时的花草果品。雍正皇帝十分欣赏郎世宁的绘画,曾派多名中国画家去做他的学生。乾隆在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁当皇帝之前,也多次去过造办处观看他作画。郎世宁绘制过一幅《平安春信图》,画面是雍正和乾隆父子二人身穿汉装,在竹林下玩赏一支梅花,这幅画长期悬挂在养心殿里。乾隆皇帝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">72</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁那年,对照自己在这幅画里年轻时的容貌,感慨地吟诗一首说:“写真世宁擅,绘我少年时。入室皤然者,不知此是谁”?据说在这幅画的后面,藏有一道暗门,是遇到危险时的紧急出口。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画标准像栩栩如生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">绘战图册纪念胜利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">乾隆皇帝即位当年,就将造办处画作升格为如意馆,提升郎世宁为首席画师。郎世宁为年轻的乾隆绘制了首幅标准像,这种标准像是皇帝身穿朝服、端坐在宝座上的全身坐像,是预备将来悬挂在祭殿里供子孙祭拜的影像。郎世宁绘制的这幅标准像,长</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2.7" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,宽</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1.4" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,面部不用中国式的线条勾勒,只靠色彩就烘托出栩栩如生的五官和表情,龙袍的褶皱处还闪现出丝绸的光泽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁还擅长纪录历史事件的大场面画作,这在摄影术产生前就相当于纪实写照。乾隆皇帝一生经历过十场重大战争,他将此视为“十大武功”。乾隆十九年至二十四年,清军在新疆地区相继进行了三场平叛战争,郎世宁等西洋画师奉命绘制了一套共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">幅的《平定西域战图册》,以纪念胜利。这套图册被送到法国,耗资</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4800</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">两银子制成铜版,印成了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">套画册。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新疆准噶尔部酋长达瓦齐兵败遭擒后,被押回北京,在皇宫午门举行了献俘仪式,过后乾隆皇帝赦免了达瓦齐,封他为亲王,安排他住到宝禅寺街,即今西城区宝产胡同。清人笔记《啸亭杂录》说,达瓦齐极为肥胖,脸大如盆,腰大十围,他不耐北京暑热,经常在水池里驱赶鸭鹅,嬉水为乐。清宫档案记载,乾隆二十一年四月初一日,郎世宁奉命到宝禅寺街,为达瓦齐绘制了“脸像”,即现在所说的头像。郎世宁还为战斗英雄阿玉锡画了《持矛荡寇图》。阿玉锡在伊犁格登山战役中,曾率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">22</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">名骑兵勇闯敌阵,击溃了达瓦齐的万人军队。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画后妃像仰头数瓦片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">仿《百马图》祝寿希特勒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁也为皇帝和后妃、子女画过许多肖像及表现他们休闲娱乐的“行乐图”。乾隆三年新年期间,圆明园里落了大雪,乾隆皇帝坐在一处敞轩里赏雪,他脚下烧着炭火盆,身后花瓶里插着梅花,皇子们或在堆雪狮子,或在放鞭炮,还有个皇子手捧一束芝麻秸,正要按“节节高”的吉祥寓意进行“踩岁”,这个场面被画进了高</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2.9" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、宽</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1.9" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的《雪景行乐图》,此图由郎世宁主画人物,由中国画家配画背景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">乾隆当上皇帝的第二年,曾让郎世宁为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">名后妃画像。久居中国、深知宫廷禁忌的郎世宁不敢紧盯着后妃们观察,因此他画成的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个女人容貌都大同小异,难分彼此。当乾隆让郎世宁评论哪个妃子最漂亮时,他回答说当时没敢仔细看,只是仰着头在数房顶上的瓦片。乾隆又追问他瓦片的数量是多少,他回答是每行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">片。乾隆叫太监去核对,数量果然不差。此事令乾隆皇帝觉得郎世宁确是个有诚信的正人君子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁也擅长画马,他画过《郊原牧马图》、《马术图》等许多表现骏马的作品,最有名的是一幅乾隆皇帝身披铠甲、骑着五花骏马在南苑阅兵的《大阅图》,此图高达</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3.2" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,宽达</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2.3" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,曾在南苑行宫里长期悬挂。此图中描绘的乾隆皇帝那套铠甲,现存于故宫博物院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁画马极有名气,曾有古董商人请高手精心仿制他的作品卖出了高价。琉璃厂古玩世<personname wst="on" productid="家陈重远">家陈重远</personname>先生在《古玩谈旧闻》里记述了这样一件往事:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1930</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年前后,住在北京什刹海附近的一位皇族金二爷,应古玩商人之约仿制了两幅郎世宁的《百马图》,每幅收费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">银元。商人将一幅卖给收藏家,得款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">银元,另一幅后来卖给大汉奸汪精<personname wst="on" productid="卫的">卫的</personname>太太<personname wst="on" productid="陈璧">陈璧</personname>君,得款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">银元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1939</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,汪精卫要送礼祝贺希特勒的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁生日,<personname wst="on" productid="陈璧">陈璧</personname>君认为德国正与意大利结盟,而郎世宁恰好是意大利人,拿《百马图》去送礼是最合适的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">据媒体报道,郎世宁一幅画鹿的《苹野秋鸣图》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年由香港佳士得公司拍卖到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1764.5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万港元的天价。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁荣任三品官</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">蒋友仁设计大水法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">乾隆皇帝即位前,曾由父亲雍正赐号为“长春居士”,并赐他在圆明园长春仙馆居住。为纪念此事,乾隆在圆明园以东的水磨村增建了长春园,并声称自己当满</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年皇帝后,要在长春园里养老。乾隆在观赏洋人带来的欧洲宫廷风景画时,对画中的“水法”即喷泉产生了浓厚的兴趣,他向郎世宁询问喷泉的构造原理,并授意寻访能造喷泉的人才。郎世宁推荐在钦天监协助编制历书的法国教士蒋友仁试造了一座喷泉,乾隆皇帝在欣喜之余,认为洋式的喷泉配着中国式的宫殿不够协调,于是在长春园北部拨出一块空地,委派郎世宁设计兴建一组西洋式宫殿,并要求蒋友仁为每座宫殿都配上喷泉。为此,乾隆任命郎世宁为奉宸苑卿,任命蒋友仁为造办处行走。奉宸苑,是内务府下辖的七司三院之一,职责是管理皇家园林。卿,是正三品长官。行走,是指兼职,因为蒋友仁的本职工作是在钦天监。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁和蒋友仁在西洋式的宫殿群中建造了水车楼,楼下是用三合土夯筑的高台,楼上是用锡板做防漏衬里的蓄水池,称为“锡海”,能蓄水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">180</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">吨。他们用水车提水蓄入锡海,再经地下暗藏的铜管分配到各处喷泉。他们建成的多处喷泉中,最为壮丽的是远瀛观前的大水法,能表演十犬喷水逐鹿、狮口喷水、高塔喷水,水流喷射时的轰鸣声可传至二里之外。最为奇巧的是海晏堂前的十二生肖水钟,铜铸的兽头会按十二时辰依次喷水,并在正午时所有兽头一齐喷水。至今,在圆明园西洋楼遗址上,还留有海晏堂水车楼的夯土高台。西洋楼建成后,郎世宁绘制了一套二十景图集,由中国艺人制成铜版画册。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">永定河畔买地惹是非</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">大王庙里遗留圣旨碑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在丰台区世界公园西边的永定河畔,有个北天堂村,因清代曾有北天主教堂而得名。此村距南苑不远,常去南苑的郎世宁于乾隆十五年从村民蔡永福手里购买了一些农田和生长芦苇的河滩地,想靠收取地租和卖芦苇所得来贴补生活费用。不料,蔡永福经手转卖的农田是官府分配给旗人的旗地,法律规定不准买卖,对违者要依法治罪并撤消交易。乾隆皇帝赦免了郎世宁的“罪行”,并颁发圣旨说,郎世宁是西洋远人,不懂中国规距,况且他定居京城,也需要谋求生计,此次所买地产无需退还,但是下不为例。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁将这篇圣旨摘录刻成石碑,立在买到的农田地头,以纪念皇帝的恩典,同时也以此证明自己对这片地产的合法权利。这块石碑现存于北天堂村的大王庙。大王庙原名金堤永固庙,是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1891</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年为纪念修筑永定河大堤而建造的龙王庙。紧傍着大王庙东墙的西五环南路,从北天堂村的村口通过,年老的村民说,当年郎世宁购买的田地,就在村口路基的下面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">壁画立体如雕塑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">宫廷祝寿添荣耀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郎世宁到北京后,一直住在王府井大街的天主教东堂,这里距他进宫要走的东华门很近。东堂,由西洋教士始建于清顺治十二年,是仅次于宣武门南堂的北京第二座教堂。郎世宁居住期间,为东堂绘制了多幅宗教壁画。东堂后来数次遭到毁坏,现在的东堂是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1905</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年重建的。郎世宁所绘壁画早已荡然无存,但是朝鲜史料《燕行录》里,载有朝鲜人洪大容参观东堂游记中对那些壁画的描述。游记写道,东堂的器物虽说不如南堂奢华,但壁画的神妙却胜过南堂。东堂北墙上的天主画像毛发森森有如活人。西墙上的宗教故事画,画着哭泣的妇女,令人看后悲伤不已。而东墙上的神龛里有三尊神像,初看诧异为佛像的格局,待近前抚摸,才知道那神龛和神像原来都是平面的壁画,却具有极其逼真的立体效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="19" month="7" year="1757"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1757</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,是郎世宁虚岁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁生日,乾隆皇帝那天在宫廷亲自为他祝寿,还赐给他御笔题词和许多礼品。仪式结束后,乾隆又派乐队和礼官伴送他返回东堂,所有在京的教士都齐集东堂向他祝贺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="16" month="7" year="1766"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1766</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">岁的郎世宁在东堂病逝,乾隆皇帝闻讯后,当天就传旨为他料理后事。乾隆追赠给他从二品侍郎官衔,又赐给</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">两银子作丧葬费,将他安葬在阜成门外的滕公栅栏西洋教士专用墓地里。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">墓地遗址存墓碑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《清史稿》里留列传</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">滕公栅栏教士墓地,在今车公庄大街市委党校院内,是明代万历皇帝于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1610</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年赐给意大利教士利玛窦的墓地,到清代经过扩建,埋葬了许多教士。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,墓地被义和团捣毁,墓碑被推倒,坟墓被挖掘。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1901</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年《辛丑条约》签订后,列强逼迫清廷出银一万两重修墓地,郎世宁等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">77</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">名教士的墓碑被镶嵌在新建的教堂墙壁上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1973</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,教堂被拆除,墓碑散落于庭院各处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1984</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,这块墓地被列为北京市级文物保护单位,散落的墓碑被收集到利玛窦墓旁的小院里,建成了碑林。此后,有许多外国政要和驻华大使来到这里参观访问。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">如今,郎世宁的墓碑寂静地矗立在碑林小院门内左边的第一行,碑文题刻着当年乾隆皇帝为他安排后事的圣旨。郎世宁在北京生活了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,创作了大量艺术精品,但他没有为自己留下一幅画像。长达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">48</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">册的一部《清史稿》里,仅在《艺术列传》中为他留有一篇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">45</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个字的传记:“郎世宁,西洋人。康熙中入值,高宗(乾隆)尤赏异。凡名马、珍禽、琪花、异草,辄命图之,无不弈弈如生。设色奇丽,非秉贞(秉贞姓焦,是最早学习西洋画技的中国画家)等所及”。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">撰文及供图:陆元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251233652173.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251245260930.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251252716462.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251262443149.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925127815020.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925128065433.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925129692864.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>郎世宁图片续发
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251331599137.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251341653042.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251343251820.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925135970457.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251353555344.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251364340055.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089251375220775.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>永定河畔大王庙,您去过吗?
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">永定河畔大王庙(此文原载2006年7月14日《中国档案报》)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">陆元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">大王庙,又名金堤永固庙,位于北京市丰台区北天堂村外的永定河东岸大堤旁,是清光绪十七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1891</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年)为纪念封堵永定河大堤决口成功而修筑的一座龙王庙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《清史稿</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">•</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">河渠志》记述,发源于山西省北部的永定河,一路穿越山区到达北京平原,因水流挟带大量泥沙,易于淤积泛滥,历史上多次决口改道造成水灾,曾有无定河、浑河、小黄河之称。清康熙三十七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1698</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年),康熙皇帝在视察治水工程时,将无定河改名为永定河。据史料统计,永定河在清代自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1644</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1912</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">268</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年之间,决口成灾达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">次,平均间隔约为三年半一次。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">清光绪十六年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1890</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年),北京地区先是大旱,以致于光绪皇帝曾于五月十一日亲临景山西侧的大高玄殿举办祈雨仪式。不料自<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="29" month="5" year="2008">五月二十九日起</chsdate>,连降十余日大雨,北天堂村附近的永定河“北上汛二号”大堤决口宽达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">余丈,洪水冲至京城永定门外,蔓延至南苑地区。北京顺天府上奏朝廷说,府属</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">24</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个州县都因大雨和洪水受灾,“实百年来未有之奇灾”。《清史稿</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">•德宗(光绪)本纪》记载,水灾发生后,清廷曾七次调拨京仓贮米和南来漕米共<span lang="EN-US">47</span>万石用于赈灾,并在京城<span lang="EN-US">6</span>处城门口及郊外的孙河、定福庄、庞各庄、卢沟桥等地开办救济粥厂,还下令直隶省和顺天府的造酒烧锅(酒厂)都要停止造酒一年,以节省粮食,平抑粮价。由此可见此次水灾范围之大,灾民之多。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">当时,<span lang="EN-US">20</span>岁的光绪皇帝已经亲政一年有余,慈禧太后借口停止垂帘听政之后,需要有个地方退休养老,正在加紧建造颐和园。都察院御史吴兆泰鉴于水灾严重、河患未治,上疏要求减少颐和园兴建项目,却遭到“交部严加议处”的责罚。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">清廷拨款<span lang="EN-US">30</span>万两银,责成直隶总督李鸿章组织封堵永定河大堤决口,最终于当年九月封堵决口合龙成功。参与治水的官员们为了纪念此次抢险工程,于次年利用工程余款和余料,在北天堂村外的大堤脚下建造了一座龙王庙,慈禧太后为此庙题匾“永佑安澜”,光绪皇帝也题匾“金堤永固”。这座庙宇内供奉着相传能解救厄难的“水官大帝”和镇水龙王,被周边农民俗称为“大王庙”。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">新中国成立以后,永定河上游建成了官厅水库,大堤也得到巩固,从此水患不再为害。大王庙先后被改作北天堂村小学校、生产队队部、仓库、牛棚等用途,后来逐渐破败荒废。<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年,当地政府在原址重建了大王庙,为展示历史风貌,重建时尽量留用了原有建筑物的旧砖瓦,并采用当年修堤时剩余弃置的石块砌筑围墙,还收集到<span lang="EN-US">60</span>个以前筑堤工程使用过的石夯,用作新建殿堂立柱的柱础石。大王庙重建完工后,开设了“永定河历代洪灾及治理”专题展览,用图表和数据向游客介绍永定河北京河段的历史状况。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">在大王庙的庭院里,还保留有<span lang="EN-US">4</span>座记录着历史事件的石碑。其一是清代治水官员为纪念<span lang="EN-US">1890</span>年那次封堵决口而竖立的“北上二号漫口合龙”碑。其二是永定河河务局为纪念<span lang="EN-US">1924</span>年那次大堤决口抢险而竖立的“冯检阅使德政碑”,那时冯玉祥任陆军检阅使,驻军北京南苑,他派出军队<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>多人参加了永定河封堵决口筑堤工程。其三是永定河河务局为张作霖竖立的“镇威军张总司令德政碑”,起因是<span lang="EN-US">1925</span>年张作霖赞助了一批粮食给河务局,用于招募民工,以工代赈,沿着永定河东岸修筑了一段能走汽车的土路。张作霖那次的所谓“德政”,只是赞助了<span lang="EN-US">450</span>石高梁米。最有趣的第四座石碑,是清代宫廷画师郎世宁于乾隆十五年(<span lang="EN-US">1750</span>年)在北天堂村竖立的“乾隆钦赐圣旨碑”。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">郎世宁,<span lang="EN-US">1688</span>年出生于意大利米兰,<span lang="EN-US">1707</span>年<span lang="EN-US">19</span>岁时成为欧洲耶稣会教士,<span lang="EN-US">1715</span>年<span lang="EN-US">27</span>岁时奉派来中国传教,但因擅长绘画而做了宫廷画师。他历经清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝盛世,以出色的画艺尤得乾隆皇帝赏识,在乾隆十二年因主持圆明园西洋楼工程被授予正三品奉宸苑卿的官职。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">北天堂村,距北京皇家园林南苑不远,因曾建有北天主教堂而得名。乾隆十五年,常去南苑的郎世宁在北天堂村购买了一些农田和生长芦苇的永定河河滩地,想靠收取地租及卖芦苇所得贴补生活费用。不料他买进的农田属于官府分给旗人的“旗地”,法律规定不准私相买卖,违者要被治罪和撤消交易。乾隆皇帝赦免了郎世宁的罪过,并下旨说,郎世宁系西洋远人,不懂中国法律,况且他也需要置办些产业以谋生计,他这次误买的“旗地”不必退还,但是下不为例。郎世宁为了纪念皇帝的恩宠,同时也为了表白自己买地行为已经皇帝特许,系合法权益,遂将乾隆圣旨摘录刻成石碑,竖立在自家地头上。郎世宁当年购买的田地,就在北天堂村的村外,后来那座石碑被移至大王庙内保存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925204685245.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/2008925215128212.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>食烟火斋</i>在2008-9-30 1:13:59的发言:</b><br/><p>郎世宁绘制西洋楼铜版画底稿的说法,我是从圆明园学会会刊第三期《圆明园》里看来的。因为学识不足,难以判断真相,好在有出处,不算我编造的,于是就采用了。要是有了准确的说法,我很有兴趣学习啊。</p><p>香港是个好地方,去过7次,住在湾仔华润公司,每次几天,过境免签证的缘故。</p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-9/20089301134759745.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圆明园学会那套书好像是</span><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版。在</span><font face="Times New Roman">1983</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,一批法国学者在法国政府</span><font face="Times New Roman">, French Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres(</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">外务部?)支持下,详细研究西洋楼,名为(</span><font face="Times New Roman">Mission Palais d'Ete)</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以多了不少新资料。</span><p></p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包括法国老太太(我和斑马常提到)的老照片,西洋楼建筑</span><span lang="ZH-CN"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(由</span><font face="Times New Roman">Durand</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研究</span><font face="Times New Roman">) , </font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">园林(花草树木),铜版画历史和构图问题等</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我只知画铜版画的画家是中国人</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><font face="Times New Roman">Li Yantai ( </font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun;">还</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不知中文名</span><font face="Times New Roman">) </font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">郎世宁死于</span><font face="Times New Roman">1766</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,远瀛观好像是</span><font face="Times New Roman">1768/69</font><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年才建成(我在公司,手上没书,求证)。我严重怀疑郎世宁没有参与远瀛观建造。远瀛观的结构根本是中国砖屋,外加老来的石刻,和其它以主力墙为主的西洋楼不同。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊,好像跑题了<img alt="" src="http://bbs.oldbeijing.org/Skins/default/topicface/face2.gif"/> </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></font></p>
回复HK兄,也有可能啊
借用一句广告语,“一切皆有可能”。我并不固执己见,也许《圆明园》错了,我也跟着错呢。配合10.4拍记,培英胡同和马神庙
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">此文原载《消失的胡同》,为了配合10月4日前门拍记,发出来供网友参考</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">87</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,原号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">164</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,培英胡同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">培英胡同,位于北京市宣武区大栅栏地区。明代属正西坊管界,清代属外城中城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">培英胡同,在明代称为“马神庙街”,在清代称为“大马神庙”,其北侧的培智胡同,在清代称为“小马神庙”。培英胡同自明代就建有供奉马神的庙宇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">马为六畜之首,自古就是人类从事生产、生活及战争的帮手。明太祖定都南京之后,于洪武二年在皇宫北面的后湖设立祭坛,仿照《周礼》的规定,每年春季祭祀“马祖神”,即天上的天驷星;夏季祭祀“先牧神”,即率先养马者;秋季祭祀“马社神”,即率先乘马者;冬季祭祀“马步神”,即马瘟神。《明史•礼志》记述,洪武四年,蜀地进献良马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">匹,其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">匹大白马身长丈余,格外神骏,但是桀骜不驯。明太祖先派人祭祀“马祖神”,然后叫人用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">400</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">斤重的沙囊压在马背上,骑着马四处游走,终于驯服了大白马。明太祖骑着大白马到清凉山去赏月,归来后“大悦,赐名飞越峰”。明成祖计划迁都北京时期,于永乐十三年在北京莲花池设立了马神庙,明代在北京共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">座由皇家祭祀的祠庙,马神庙是其中之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">明朝虽然推翻了元朝,但是并未彻底击溃北方草原上的蒙古族军队,明成祖迁都北京的目的之一,就是号称“天子守边”,他曾经</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">次由北京出发,亲自率军北征。由于军事需要,明代注重养马,数量颇多的马神庙也应运而生,例如景山东侧的沙滩后街,旧称“马神庙街”,那里是明代御马监所在地,曾建有官办的马神庙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">明代万历年间曾任北京宛平县令的沈榜所著《宛署杂记》记述,永乐十年,朝廷命令北直隶(今河北省)农民养马。弘治年间,命令北直隶农田一半缴纳粮赋,称为“征粮地”,另一半不缴纳粮赋,但要缴纳马匹,称为“免粮地”,免粮地每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">亩要缴纳雄马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">匹,每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">亩要缴纳雌马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">匹。官府验收时测量马匹身高,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">尺以上为上等,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">尺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">寸为中等,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">尺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">寸为下等,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">尺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">寸以下为不合格。如马患病瘦弱,责令限期调养,如马瘸腿、死亡、鬃尾被割,责令买马赔补,还要治罪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">培英胡同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">号院是京剧名人王瑶卿故居,相传就是明代马神庙的旧址。但是仍然住在此院的王家后人却说,王家几辈子住在这里,从未听说过此院是马神庙旧址。王瑶卿生于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1881</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,卒于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1954</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年,他开创了融青衣、花旦和刀马旦于一身的花衫行当,首创了京剧由旦角挑大梁挂头牌唱大轴戏的纪录,后来的梅、尚、程、荀四大名旦都曾接受过他的指导,他在京剧界号称为“通天教主”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">煤市街扩展机动车车道工程时,培英胡同东口被拆迁了一部分,余下部分的老宅门得到了修缮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081012374635320.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>2003年的西兴隆街
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">在拍记图片版面里,看到许多朋友喜爱和惋惜草厂胡同。摘发有关草厂胡同的文章和铅笔画,请朋友们看看。此文原载《消失的胡同》。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,原号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">144</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,西兴隆街</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">西兴隆街,位于北京市崇文区珠市口东大街以北。明代属正东坊管界,清代属外城南城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">西兴隆街,明代《京师五城坊巷胡同集》记述为“羊房草场”,清初改称“草厂胡同”,清末《京师坊巷志稿》记述为“兴隆街”,因街上有兴隆庵而得名,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1965</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年北京整顿地名时改称为西兴隆街。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">旧时“厂”字与“场”字相通,“草厂”就是贮草的场所。北京的草厂由来已久,所贮之草分别用于护城、燃料、建筑材料和饲料。元代营建的大都城是夯土版筑城墙,不耐雨水冲刷,元人《析津志》记述,“世祖(忽必烈)筑城已周,乃于文明门(明代改称崇文门)外向东五里立苇场,收苇以蓑城,每岁收百万。以苇排编,自下砌上,恐致摧塌”,元大都的夯土城墙每年雨季都要披上芦苇蓑衣以防雨水冲刷,因此又叫“蓑衣城”。几十年后的元文宗时期,因有人阴谋纵火烧城,停止为城墙披蓑衣,所贮芦苇改用于皇宫厨房的燃料。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《明史·职官志》记述,明代工部设有制造和贮存建筑材料的五大厂,即神木厂、大木厂、黑窑厂、琉璃厂、台基厂。“台基”是防止积水浸泡的高台,高台上堆放着柴薪芦苇,因此台基厂又俗称“柴火栏”。明代在万岁山(清代改称景山)东边设有为皇家养马的御马监,现在的银闸胡同和东皇城根大、小草厂胡同,当年都是为御马监贮存草料的地方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">西兴隆街南边的草厂头条至草厂十条,皆因明代的“羊房草场”而得名,羊房草场,是为皇家养羊贮存草料的地方。《京师五城坊巷胡同集》记述,在山川坛(先农坛)北墙外,有养牲所和养羊胡同,在这里饲养的牛羊应是用于为山川坛的祭祀典礼制做供品。《明史·职官志》记述,管理皇家祭享和宴会的光禄寺下设负责饲养牲口的司牲司和司牧局,明《涌幢小品》记述,司牲司养羊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">360</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">只,每只日食黑豆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">合,草</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">斤。北海西边的羊房养羊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">247</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">只,虎城养虎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">只日食羊肉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">斤,豹房养豹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">只日食羊肉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">斤。当时人吃虎喂各项消费的羊肉甚多,难怪要设立规模庞大的羊房草场。明代草场弊端颇多,清初学者查慎行所著《人海记》讲述,明代在北京东直门外设有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">座马房,由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">名太监管理,每收购</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">万斤饲草支出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">两银子,但是太监们以军事机密为由不许旁人过问养马数量。曾有官员奏本请求核查马数,结果被治罪充军。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年深岁久的西兴隆街破旧而狭窄,然而还留有几座相当精致的青砖小楼。近几年为了分流前门大街的机动车辆,在西兴隆街扩建了街道。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span> </p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810613322320065.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>2005年的草厂十条
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">有很多朋友在关心草厂胡同。这里和大家聊聊草厂胡同的旧事。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">草厂十条</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">草厂十条,位于北京市崇文区珠市口东大街以北。明代属正东坊管界,清代属外城南城辖区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">草厂头条至草厂十条,是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个自西向东并列的南北向胡同,因胡同北边旧有明代贮存养羊草料的“羊房草场”而得名。这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个胡同的长度,以西端的草厂头条为最短,其余胡同依次向南延长,各条胡同的南口呈扇面状排列,这是由于旧日这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个胡同的南口都滨临着自西北向东南弯曲的三里河北岸的缘故。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">《光绪顺天府志》记述,明正统四年修缮北京城墙和护城河时,曾在正阳门以东的护城河上筑坝截流,为防范大雨导致水灾,遂在正阳桥东南方的低洼处开挖了一条“减水河”为护城河分流,将河水引至距离正阳门三里之外的一条老河道,向东流往广渠门外,这条“减水河”即三里河。三里河流往广渠门外的河道,即今珠市口东大街和广渠门内大街一线,因此在这两条大街沿途留下了北桥湾、薛家湾、水道子、缆杆市、北河槽、东河槽等许多与河水相关的地名。《燕都丛考》引用明代史料说,“正阳门外东偏,有古三里河一道……今天坛北芦苇园、草厂九条巷,其地下俱河身也”。《燕都丛考》还记述了明末发生在草厂四条胡同里的一个案件。李自成大顺军攻占北京城后,一名军人在草厂四条强行与一个名叫顾懿的妓女同居,顾懿乘那军人酒醉后将其勒死,然后自缢未遂。顾懿被大顺军将领刘宗敏抓去审问时说,因看到明朝灭亡、京城陷落而不想活了。刘宗敏说不想活了就自己去死,为什么要杀我的兵?结果顾懿被刘宗敏肢解处死。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">几年前草厂十条胡同被拆除了半边,建成了街道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2007</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年政府决定保留草厂三条至草厂十条现存的胡同,并对胡同里的危旧房屋实行修缮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 21pt 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">三里河沉入地下,草料场消失已久。群鸽翱翔,深巷斜阳草树。行人漫步,可是寻古访故?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081061342647886.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081061451059177.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>雪池胡同和雪池冰窖
<p><b>雪池胡同和雪池冰窖(此文原载</b><b>2006</b><b>年</b><b>2</b><b>月</b><b>24</b><b>日</b><b>《中国档案报》)</b><b></b></p>
<p><b>撰文及供图:陆元</b><b></b></p>
<p><b></b></p>
<p>老北京城有许多以“冰窖”命名的胡同,如北海东门陟山门街的雪池胡同、珠市口的冰窖斜街和冰窖厂胡同、德胜门外的冰窖口胡同、什刹海南岸的冰窖胡同现在称为白米北巷)等。这些地方,以前都建有冰窖,用以贮藏冬季由河流湖泊中凿取的天然冰块,留待夏季使用和销售。</p>
<p>凿冰和藏冰由来已久。三千年前的《诗经》中就有“二之日凿冰冲冲,三之日纳于凌阴”的诗句,是说远在周朝时,人们在腊月凿取冰块,在正月将冰块藏入冰窖。古人藏冰的目的,一是为祭祀的供品保鲜,二是为帝王和贵族享受。</p>
<p>古人每年有频繁的祭祀,祭祀时要制做大量的熟肉和菜肴,所以像天坛、月坛、社稷坛这些祭祀场所中,都建有大厨房,称为“神厨”。古人认为祭神的供品一定要清洁新鲜,否则神灵不肯享用,也就得不到祐护。而且祭神之后,供品还要散发给贵族官员们分享,称之为“散福”,所以供品需要用冰来保鲜。前些年在陕西省凤翔县的秦国故都遗址,就发掘出一座春秋时期的冰窖,据测算能贮冰190立方米。</p>
<p>在出土的商周青铜器中,有一种酒具叫“冰禁”,也叫“冰鉴”(“鉴”本是盛水的铜盆,是用于照人的镜子),是将冰块放入铜池,再将酒壶置入冰块中降温的器具。一方面古代贵族在夏季要饮用冰镇美酒享乐,另一方面也由于那时的酒不是蒸馏的清酒,而是类似现代“醪糟”的粥状低度甜酒,很容易腐败变酸,所以要用冰降温。</p>
<p>成书于乾隆年间的《红楼梦》第31回中写道,在端午节那天,天气很热,晴雯对贾宝玉说“才刚鸳鸯送了好些果子来,都湃(音‘拔’)在那水晶缸里呢”。由此可见清代贵族生活中用冰的情形。</p>
<p>1900年慈禧太后为躲避八国联军逃难到了西安,惊魂初定之后,下令让未遭联军侵扰的南方各省将原应送到北京的贡赋送往西安,又开始了奢靡的享乐。当时随行的慈禧侄孙子岳超在写于1962年的回忆文章中说,1901年夏季,慈禧要喝冰镇的酸梅汤,可是西安没有冰窖。只好派人到百里之外的太白山,去从一个岩洞中凿取千年不化之冰,每天运往西安供慈禧享用。</p>
<p>封建时代事事都讲等级待遇。在清朝,对用冰也有严格的规定。《清史稿?职官志》记载,工部下属的都水司,“掌河渠舟航,道路关梁,公私水事”,每年十二月,“伐冰纳窖,仲夏颁之”,还设有满、汉冰窖监督各一人。清朝的工部有直辖冰窖18座,专供宫廷生活和坛庙祭祀用冰,称为官窖,共能贮冰20万块,每块半米见方,重约80公斤。其中有5座官窖设在皇宫里的内务府造办处院中,距清帝寝宫养心殿前的御膳房很近。夠了级别的官员,在夏季也可凭冰票去官窖领冰使用。此外清朝的王府也有冰窖,称为府窖,什刹海南岸冰窖胡同(现称白米北巷)里的冰窖就是恭亲王府的府窖。</p>
<p>在清朝,凡与皇宫御苑相通的水道都由内务府奉宸苑管理,其他河渠也由工部都水司管理,禁止民间私自采冰。但是卖冰获利颇丰,在夏季每百斤冰可售5两银子,所以到清末也有商人出高价承包王府的冰窖变相经营。进入民国,官禁取消,北京出现了许多民营冰窖,冰箱也开始进入一些饭馆和家庭。</p>
<p>那时的冰箱,是一个柏木桶,内衬锡板以防渗漏,上有木盖。桶内下层放冰,上层放置食品。</p>
<p>如今在北海公园东门外的雪池胡同,还遗存有始建于明代万历年间的皇家冰窖,名叫雪池冰窖。此窖为半地下式,内部如同砖砌的窑洞,外部用城砖筑墙,顶上覆盖着皇家专用的黄琉璃瓦。这座雪池冰窖为皇家供冰,直至1924年溥仪被赶出故宫为止,当年所贮藏的冰块,就是由北海凿取的。<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/2008102015294121815.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/2008102015294119966.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/2008102015294190142.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/2008102015294135711.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/2008102015294191916.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>
文绣玩的小狗属于什么品种?
<a href="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311532470740.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="老北京网 www.oldbeijing.org" style="WIDTH: 547px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 673px" alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311532470740.jpg" onload="imgresize(this);" border="0"/></a>雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<p><b>食烟火斋此文原载</b><b>2006</b><b>年《法制晚报》</b><b></b></p>
<p><b>故宫养心殿有拴狗的狗窝 东四南大街有狗神庙遗迹</b><b></b></p>
<p><b> 狗年将来临 京城寻狗迹</b><b></b></p>
<p>即将来临的阴历丙戌年是俗称的“狗年”。以前人们拜年时常会说一句祝福语:“家口平安,六畜兴旺”。狗和马、牛、羊、猪、鸡同属六畜之列,是人类最早驯化的动物之一。</p>
<p>一、老北京的打狗巷曾有狗肉铺</p>
<p>现在人们都说“狗是人类的朋友”。但是古人养狗的目的之一却是吃狗肉。《史记?樊哙列传》说,刘邦的沛县同乡樊哙,在从军之前是个“以屠狗为事”的狗肉铺掌柜。《史记正义》注释道:当时人们吃狗肉就与吃羊肉、猪肉一样普遍,所以樊哙“专屠以卖之”,开了狗肉专卖店。至今在沛县狗肉还是有名的特产。</p>
<p>明代张爵著于嘉靖年间的《京师五城坊巷胡同集》收录了北京胡同上千条,名为“打狗巷”的有3处。其中位于现在宣外大街崇光百货商场东北边的那条打狗巷,今名为“大沟沿胡同”,现已拆迁。有民俗专家分析说,过去凡称为“打狗巷”的地方,胡同内都开有狗肉铺。民国时期号称“北京通”的专栏作家金受申说,那时北京城有一种人称为“坐狗的”,他们在冬季狗肥时,趁黄昏人静用熟肉将人家养的狗诱出,两手按住头尾,然后用力坐在狗腰上,活活地将狗压死,送到狗肉铺去卖钱。若是那条狗的皮毛很好,“坐狗的”人就将狗皮剥下另卖。因为一张好的狗皮比狗肉更值钱。</p>
<p>在明代,北京还有杨狗头胡同,在今东单路口东北侧;有乖狗村,在今魏公村附近;还有个狗营,在今菜市口烂缦胡同一带。</p>
<p>二、弯曲的小巷被称为“狗尾巴胡同”</p>
<p>清代朱一新著于光绪年间的《京师坊巷志稿》收录有9条狗尾巴胡同(老北京人将“尾”读为“以”),这些胡同多是弯曲的。进入民国时期,为了实行户籍登记制度,需要为街巷宅院编制门牌号码,在确定地址门牌时,对一些称谓不雅的胡同改换了谐音新名。例如“粪厂胡同”被改为“奋章胡同”,“王八盖胡同”被改为“万宝胡同”。明清时期流传下来的狗尾巴胡同,也都换了新名。</p>
<p>在今复兴门立交桥东南、中央音乐学院附近的那条狗尾巴胡同,被改为“寿逾百胡同”。在西单商场东边的狗尾巴胡同,被改为“高义伯胡同”。在天坛西北角有条南北向的西草市东街,以前也叫狗尾巴胡同,民国时曾改称“沟尾巴胡同”,著名的大刀王五开办的源顺镖局,就在这条胡同北口的西半壁街上。在丰盛胡同内的高柏胡同,以前也叫狗尾胡同。此外在景山西街的西侧,曾经有条狗鹰胡同,后改为“高卧胡同”。</p>
<p>三、清代皇家设有养狗处</p>
<p>老北京形容富贵人家有句话叫“天棚、鱼缸、石榴树,先生、肥狗、胖丫头”。最为富贵的皇家当然也养狗,而且还设有养狗处。《清史稿?职官志》记载,专为皇家服务的内务府下设养狗处,“处长”由大内侍卫担任。在皇宫东华门内设有内狗房,占用19间房屋,在东华门外的南池子路西设有外狗房,占用15间房屋。狗房首领是两名八品太监。</p>
<p>雍正皇帝曾养有10条洋种猎犬,他叫宫廷西洋画师艾启蒙画的10幅《骏犬图》,至今仍在故宫博物院收藏。溥仪在1924年被驱逐出宫前,也养过100多条名犬。溥仪为了维持皇家的尊严,并不带爱犬进入他居住的养心殿。如今在养心殿大门外的南值班房墙根,还留有一座青砖砌筑的小窑,那就是当年溥仪拴狗的狗窝。溥仪喜欢大型狼狗。他的淑妃文绣则喜欢小型犬。</p>
<p>四、狗神庙留有石雕哮天犬</p>
<p>老北京原有多处牛王庙和马神庙,但狗神庙却只有一处。乾隆钦定《日下旧闻考》记载,“二郎神庙在今灯市口大街东,存小殿一楹,本朝康熙三十五年(1696年)重修”。二郎神庙门前有石雕的哮天犬,所以此庙又称狗神庙。</p>
<p>1936年,有个居住北京多年,喜爱北京风物的洋人富兰克绘制了一幅标注英文的《老北京风俗地图》,图上将东岳庙标注为“十八层地狱庙”,将二郎神庙标注为“狗神庙”(DOG TEMPLE)。</p>
<p>纪晓岚在《阅微草堂笔记》中讲述,在清代,每天日出时都会有一缕金光射入坐东朝西的二郎神庙。有人说这是皇宫中和殿屋顶上的镏金宝顶折射的金光。从地图上看,中和殿确实与二郎神庙处于东西连线上。</p>
<p>东四南大街138号院,位于南大街与灯市口相交处的“丁”字路口东侧。在此院住了50年的胡大妈目睹过狗神庙的变迁。她说,狗神庙只有一间临街的房屋,在南侧与138号院隔着一个门,现为内衣商店。解放初期,庙里还有泥塑的二郎神像和哮天犬,石头供桌摆在庙门外边,经常有小孩子爬上去玩。那时庙门口立着2只石雕的哮天犬。1976年唐山大地震时,已成为民居的狗神庙房屋倒塌,重建时改建成了红砖房子。一只残破的哮天犬与石头供桌都被和房渣土一起运走,另一只略为完整、但也面目模糊的哮天犬被移至138号院的北侧,即今孕妇服装店的门前。</p>
<p> </p>
雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311501937365.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311501929907.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311501910084.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311501945653.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311532470740.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311532453797.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/200810311541683283.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081031224349457.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>雍正御狗、狗神庙、狗胡同的狗故事
<img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081031233924530.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-10/20081031233986107.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>
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