不还有理：《关于环球博物馆的重要性和价值的声明》

郭大胡子

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该声明由以下机构主管联合签署:

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• 芝加哥艺术博物馆
• 巴伐利亚州立博物馆
• 柏林国家博物馆
• 克里夫兰艺术博物馆
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• 洛杉矶J. Paul Getty博物馆
• 纽约Solomon R. Guggenheim博物馆
• 洛杉矶县立艺术博物馆
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• 巴黎卢浮宫
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• 纽约大都会艺术博物馆
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• 波士顿美术馆
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• 纽约现代艺术博物馆
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• 佛罗伦萨艺术博物馆
• 费城艺术博物馆
• 马德里Prado博物馆
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• 阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆
• 圣彼得堡国立艾尔米塔什博物馆
• 马德里提森?波那米萨美术馆
• 纽约惠特尼美国艺术博物馆 

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关于环球博物馆的重要性和价值的声明

国际博物馆联盟确信应该坚决不鼓励文物、艺术品和少数民族作品的非法交易。然而我们同时也应该意识到，对于以前获得的这些物品，应该按照不同的价值及敏感度的眼光来看待，应该反映出先前的时代特点。这些有纪念意义的物品早在几十年前甚至几个世纪以前就被存放于欧美的博物馆里，且是在与当前不同的条件下获得的。

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长期以来，这些获得的物品——不管是通过购买，礼品赠送，或是交换等方式——已经成为照看这些物品的博物馆的一部分，并且延伸为收藏这些物品的国家的一部分。当前，我们其实也相当关注作品的原生背景，但我们同时也不能否认这样一个事实，即物品由其产生地移至博物馆之后的历史所形成的背景也同样是正当的并有价值的。

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在这个世界上，要是没有那些主要的博物馆将各种文化的物品集中成列并广泛的展示于世人面前，那么全球公众对于古代文明的赞赏是不可能像今天这样如此之深的建立起来的。事实上，仅以古希腊雕像为例，即可作为以上观点的一个杰出证明。我们对于希腊艺术的欣赏源远流长，自古有之。后来这种欣赏又在文艺复兴的意大利被重新唤起，并由此扩展至欧洲的其他地方及美洲。这些雕像在世界各公众博物馆藏品中占据主要席位，标志着希腊雕像对于人类整体的意义及其对当代世界的不朽价值。不仅如此，我们把这些藏品跟来自其他伟大文明的作品一起集中陈列，并就近研究。希腊美学的突出价值在此过程中也更加强烈的显示出来。

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归还早已属于博物馆藏品的这些作品的呼声一直是这些年来博物馆要面对的重要问题。尽管需要一事一议，区别对待，但我们应该承认，博物馆不仅是为一个国家的人民服务的，而是为各国人民服务的。博物馆是文化发展的原动力，她的使命就是要在反复展示的持续进程中培育公众的文化素养。博物馆的每一样展品都在此进程中发挥着作用。限制博物馆对不同和多元作品的收藏，就是对所有参观者的不尊重。

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后注：大英博物馆这个世界最大的海外文物收藏机构却未在该声明中签字（似乎是碍于国内法律？），不过该博物馆对声明表示完全支持。

 

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鹰文原文：

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Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums

The international museum community shares the conviction that illegal traffic in archaeological, artistic, and ethnic objects must be firmly discouraged. We should,  however, recognize that objects acquired in earlier times must be viewed in the light of different sensitivities and values, reflective of that earlier era. The objects and monumental works that were installed decades and even centuries ago in museums throughout Europe and America were acquired under conditions that are not comparable with current ones.

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Over time, objects so acquired—whether by purchase, gift, or partage—have become part of the museums that have cared for them, and by extension part of the heritage of the nations which house them. Today we are especially sensitive to the subject of a work’s original context, but we should not lose sight of the fact that museums too provide a valid and valuable context for objects that were long ago displaced from their original source.

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The universal admiration for ancient civilizations would not be so deeply established today were it not for the influence exercised by the artifacts of these cultures, widely available to an international public in major museums. Indeed, the sculpture of classical Greece, to take but one example, is an excellent illustration of this point and of the importance of public collecting. The centuries-long history of appreciation of Greek art began in antiquity, was renewed in Renaissance Italy, and subsequently spread through the rest of Europe and to the Americas. Its accession into the collections of public museums throughout the world marked the significance of Greek sculpture for mankind as a whole and its enduring value for the contemporary world. Moreover, the distinctly Greek aesthetic of these works appears all the more strongly as the result of their being seen and studied in direct proximity to products of other great civilizations.

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Calls to repatriate objects that have belonged to museum collections for many years have become an important issue for museums. Although each case has to be judged individually, we should acknowledge that museums serve not just the citizens of one nation but the people of every nation. Museums are agents in the development of culture, whose mission is to foster knowledge by a continuous process of reinterpretation. Each object contributes to that process. To narrow the focus of museums whose collections are diverse and multifaceted would therefore be a disservice to all visitors.

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Signed by the Directors of:

• The Art Institute of Chicago
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• Bavarian State Museum, Munich (Alte Pinakothek,Neue Pinakothek)
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• State Museums, Berlin
• Cleveland Museum of Art
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• J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
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• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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• Louvre Museum, Paris
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• The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
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• The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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• The Museum of Modern Art, New York
• Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence
• Philadelphia Museum of Art
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• Prado Museum, Madrid
• Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
• State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
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• Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
• Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

 

析津志

我国无一博物馆签署.