松园 发表于 2012-5-10 22:06:00

[原创]明代帝陵管理机构——神宫监

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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">明十三陵作为一座庞大的帝王陵墓建筑群,除了帝后妃嫔的陵寝建筑之外,在陵区内,地近各陵还有很多当年负责管理各陵祭祀护卫等相关事务的机构驻地称神宫监。<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">神宫监是明代帝陵中独特的机构。明代的陵寝管理具体是由宦官承担的,《明史》载,有天寿山守备,由太监一员担任,辖各陵守陵太监,值职司护卫。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">祭祀则由太常寺主管。太常寺设有祠祭署,每陵一署,署官称奉祀,一员,从七品,另有祀丞二人,从八品,还有牺牲所,有吏目一人。《明世宗实录》载,嘉靖三年(公元</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">1524</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">年)八月,显陵司香太监杨保奏:“陵殿门墙规模狭小,乞照天寿山诸陵制更造”,工部尚书赵璜因建议:“陵制当与山水相称,恐难概同。今殿墙已易黄瓦,但宜添设明楼、石碑,及改司香衙门为神宫监,设置护卫曰显陵卫。其余未备房屋,应创新者,另为添造;应仍旧者,止加修饰,不必大为改作”。次年三月,“工部奏请盖造恭穆献皇帝陵寝明楼,树碑镌题如制,及名司香衙门为神宫监,林卫为显陵卫”。由此可知,神宫监这一称谓是帝后陵寝管理衙门的专称。即使是作为亲王,其陵墓管理机构也只能称之为司香衙门而不能称为神宫监。封建等级森严由此可见一斑。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">十三座帝陵除思陵外都有自己的神宫监建筑,思陵北侧的悼陵原葬嘉靖皇帝的孝洁皇后陈氏,悼陵也设有一座神宫监。所以,明陵陵区内一共有十三座神宫监。作为各陵守卫太监及祠祭署的办事衙门,神宫监建筑模式大体相同,《明实录》中对于诸皇陵制度有相关的记载,以英宗裕陵之制最为详细,从中可以了解到神宫监建筑的格局。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">天顺八年(公元<span lang="EN-US">1464</span>年)六月壬寅,“裕陵成。其制:金井宝山城池一座,照壁一座。明楼、花门楼各一座,俱三间。香殿一座,五间。云龙五彩贴金朱红油石碑一,祭台石一,烧纸炉二。神厨正房五,左、右厢房六。宰牲亭一,墙门一。奉祀房三,门房三。神路五百三十八丈七尺。神宫监,前堂五间,穿堂三间,后堂五间,左、右厢房四座二十间,周围歇房并厨房八十六,门楼一,门房一,大小墙门二十五,小房八间,井一。神马房、马房二十,歇房九,马桩三十二,大小墙门六。白石桥三,砖石桥二,周围包砌河岸沟渠三百八十八丈二尺。栽培松树二千六百八十四株。经始于是年二月二十九,至是成。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">随着王朝的更迭,各陵神宫监都衍生为村落,神宫监内的建筑大多无存。由文献记载及目前陵区遗迹遗存对照总结可知,神宫监建筑是独立于陵宫建筑之外的独立院落选址大多地近陵寝,位于陵宫左前或右前(视地形场地而定),方便人员去往陵宫办差。坐落朝向非正南北,以神宫监门朝向各陵神路为正向,分布排列建筑,以示主从关系。早期的神宫监建筑规模较小,院落大墙多为河光石砌筑,除宫门外极少用砖,河光石多为就地取材,这也大大降低了建造费用。而自茂陵神宫监开始,院落面积明显加大,超出前四陵神宫监平均面积</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">1/3</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">强。进而明代中后期的永陵神宫监开始,院落大墙开始大量用砖,摒弃河光石砌筑这一节俭做法,显示出国力的强盛与统治者的奢华作风。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在对十三座神宫监的走访中,发现除定陵神宫监外,其余的神宫监都有人居住,衍生村落。后于昭陵村询问老人,据老人讲,定陵神宫监毁于一场天火,具体时间亦不得而知,只是听老辈人一代代传下来。推测,</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">定陵神宫监建筑毁于明清交季的李自成农民军或清军多尔衮火焚,致使定陵神宫监衙署人员全部迁往昭陵神宫监居住,定陵神宫监遗址荒废至今,没有衍生村落,也就减少了人为破坏。虽然也被村民拆走过建筑材料,但建筑基址完好清晰。南侧神马房遗址也保存完好,是陵区内唯一能见到的神马房遗存。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">现将定陵神宫监建建筑格局概述如下,其余诸陵神宫监略同:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">定陵神宫监院落位于定陵神道碑前三座桥右侧<span lang="EN-US">180</span>米处,砖石建造宫门一座(已毁,残存角柱石,原址保留),院落面阔约<span lang="EN-US">155</span>米,纵深约<span lang="EN-US">156</span>米。宫门内,衙署广亮大门一间(已毁,基址柱础原址保留),门两侧各有拴马桩两根,高约<span lang="EN-US">1.85</span>米,八棱青石制,顶端有桃形柱头,柱头下端有横向圆孔,推测拴马桩两两一组,间距约<span lang="EN-US">3</span>米,圆孔中穿上木棍或铁棍,马缰绳栓与棍上。进入前院,衙署正殿查勘柱础可知为五间殿堂,左右配殿亦为五间,正殿后有类似甬道台基与后殿联通,甬道上有柱础石,由于缺失无法判断间数,后殿按面宽推测也是五间,后殿左右也是配殿各五间。基本上是一座“工”字殿。由此可以印证《明实录》裕陵神宫监“</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">前堂五间,穿堂三间,后堂五间,左、右厢房四座二十间”</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">的记载。神宫监衙署正院两侧还有建筑遗址,但覆盖在大量砖瓦碎块之下,无法分辨。但可以肯定建筑基址保</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">存十分完好,稍加清理,就可以还原出明代神宫监建筑的格局原貌。神宫监右侧神马房院落,距神宫监约</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">米,面阔约</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">米,纵深约</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">米。遗址保存大量柱础石砖瓦等遗存。距神马房东北角约</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">米处有古井一口。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 33.75pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-char-indent-count: 2.11; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">神宫监作为帝陵建筑的重要组成部分,但却被大多数人所忽视,定陵作为我国最早发掘并建成博物馆的明代帝王陵寝,如今又是世界文化遗产,发展旅游的同时更应该重视保护保存与之相关的文物遗迹。以定陵神宫监文物遗迹遗存之丰富,保存之完整,建筑形制的特殊性,地近成熟旅游景点的便利性,完全有条件,有理由得到保护。先期做好遗址的征地、清理、弄清布局构造,远期可以复建神宫监建筑,利用复建的衙署殿堂作为定陵博物馆的展馆和旅游接待。这既保护了文物遗址,又古为今用,不失为保护神宫监建筑的一条很好的出路。</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #555555; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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松园 发表于 2012-5-10 22:08:00

&nbsp; <br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2012/5/10 22:09:33编辑过]

老片 发表于 2012-5-10 22:32:00

有研究!

水鲸鱼 发表于 2012-7-20 13:39:47

放到水盘里吧

松园 发表于 2012-7-21 20:12:41

水鲸鱼 发表于 2012-7-20 13:39 static/image/common/back.gif
放到水盘里吧

《水盘》三期里的文章啊,给你电子版了吧?
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