[转] 关于杂字的论述
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">什么是杂字？</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">杂字，就是把各类字词汇集在一起而编成的书。从行文内容看它是字书，从编纂体例看它是类书。在一种杂字书中，所用字词一般不重复，以达到识字的目的，众所周知的《三字经》即为一例。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">杂字起源很早。依据文献记载，早在汉魏时，就出现了以杂字题名的书，随着雕版印刷业的兴盛，明清时期这种杂字读物在民间更得以广泛流传。民国时期接续余韵，甚至在解放区的革命文献中还能看到它的踪影。从起源时间和流传情况看，杂字是中国古代产生时间最早、流传范围最广的蒙学读物之一。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">早期的杂字均属于字词单列，间或释义；后来发展成字词相连成句的形式。三言或多言杂字应该是在字词单列式杂字的基础上，为了便于诵读，易于识字，经过不断演变而逐渐形成的。现存杂字形式多样，有字词式杂字、三言杂字、四言杂字、四三言句式杂字、四八言句式杂字、五言杂字</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、五四言杂字、五七言杂字、六言杂字、七言杂字、十言杂字、十三言杂字、词句对应杂字和民族语言杂字等。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">杂字收字容量大，如《庄农杂字》</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2400</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">字，《六言杂字》</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2700</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">字，《幼学杂字》</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2800</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">字，《山西杂字》</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3500</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">字，而蒲松龄撰写的《日用俗字》（七言杂字）多达</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">11000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">字。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">杂字内容丰富，有属于综合性的，有属于专题性的。一书包括了多个门类，是所谓的综合性杂字，一册在手，可知天下事；一书只讲一个门类，或只讲字（词）义，或只讲农业，或只讲经商，或只讲日常生活，是所谓的专题性杂字，一册在手，可以满足专题需要。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">杂字自身特别实用，受到下层百姓的欢迎。然而，这种启蒙读物自古以来，不受官方重视，也不被高层士人认可，始终处于自生自灭状态。已往的杂字书编写者多不著姓名和撰写年代，官方编辑出版的书志、书目上又绝少收录，以至许多珍贵的杂字读本在长期流传中散失，有的虽找到残本但无法对证。历代私家的藏书楼对这类读物大都不屑一顾。作为公藏的图书馆对这类读物一般不去特意购藏，偶有零星收藏，也多是在不经意间得到的。在一般书店售书目录中甚至找不到有关它的题名。这种情况给今天的杂字搜集工作带来极大困难，也直接影响了对杂字的研究。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm" class="MsoNormal" 0pt? 0cm="0cm" 0cm?><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这些随时都有可能佚亡的杂字书，在我国历代蒙学教育中曾经发挥过重要作用，它记载着曾经使用过（现在仍在大量使用）的字词、俗语、俚语和警句，真实反映下层历代民间的生活方式和人生态度，在语言学、教育学、民俗学和社会学等领域都具有重要价值。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2012/4/23 19:17:27编辑过]
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