故宫三大殿
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太和门内，在<span lang="EN-US">3</span>万多平方米开阔的庭院中，是外朝的中心：<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/123308.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">太和殿</span></span></a></span>、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/123313.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">中和殿</span></span></a></span>、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/81360.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">保和殿</span></span></a></span>，统称<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">三大殿</span>（明朝称：奉天殿、华盖殿、谨身殿，嘉靖时改名：皇极殿、中极殿、建极殿。现名为清朝时名称）。这<span lang="EN-US">3</span>座大殿是故宫中的主要建筑，它们高矮造型不同，屋顶形式也不同，显得丰富多样而不呆板。<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太和殿（明朝称奉天殿、皇极殿），俗称<span lang="EN-US">“<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/185241.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">金銮殿</span></span></a>”</span>，太和殿高<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="35.05" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">35.05</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>，东西<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="63" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">63</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>，南北<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="35" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">35</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>，面积约<span lang="EN-US">2380</span>多平方米。面积是紫禁城诸殿中最大的一座，而且形制也是最高规格，最富丽堂皇的建筑。太和殿是五脊四坡大殿，从东到西有一条长脊，前后各有斜行垂脊两条，这样就构成五脊四坡的屋面，建筑术语上叫庑殿式。檐角有<span lang="EN-US">10</span>个走兽<span lang="EN-US">(</span>分别为 龙、凤、狮子、天马、海马、狻猊、押鱼、獬豸、斗牛、行什<span lang="EN-US">)</span>，为中国古建筑之特例。大约从<span lang="EN-US">14</span>世纪明代起，重檐庑殿是封建王朝宫殿等级最高的形式。太和殿有直径达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>的大柱<span lang="EN-US">72</span>根，其中<span lang="EN-US">6</span>根围绕御座的是沥粉金漆的蟠龙柱。殿内有沥粉金漆木柱和精致的蟠龙<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/28053.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">藻井</span></span></a></span>，殿中间是封建<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/708719.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">皇权</span></span></a></span>的象征<span lang="EN-US">——</span>金漆雕龙宝座，设在殿内高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>的台上，安放着金漆雕龙宝座，御座前有造型美观的仙鹤、炉、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/14015.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">鼎</span></span></a></span>，背后是雕龙屏。太和殿是故宫中最大的木结构建筑，是故宫最壮观的建筑，也是中国最大的木构殿宇。整个大殿装饰得金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽。太和殿是皇帝举行重大典礼的地方。即皇帝即位、生日、婚礼、元旦等都在这里庆祝。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中和殿（明朝称华盖殿、中极殿）是故宫三大殿之一，位于太和殿后。中和殿高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="27" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">27</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>，平面呈正方形，面阔、进深各为<span lang="EN-US">3</span>间，四面出廊，金砖铺地，建筑面积<span lang="EN-US">580</span>㎡。黄琉璃瓦单檐四角<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/659377.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">攒尖顶</span></span></a></span>，正中有<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/50657.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">鎏金</span></span></a></span>宝顶。四脊顶端聚成尖状，上安铜胎鎏金球形的宝顶，建筑术语上叫四角攒尖式。中和殿是皇帝去太和殿举行大典前稍事休息和演习<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/69841.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">礼仪</span></span></a></span>的地方。皇帝在去太和殿之前先在此稍作停留，接受内阁大臣和礼部官员行礼，然后进太和殿举行仪式。另外，皇帝祭祀天地和太庙之前，也要先在这里审阅一下写有祭文的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>祝版<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；在到中南海演耕前，也要在这里审视一下耕具。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">保和殿（明朝称谨身殿、建极殿）也是故宫三大殿之一，在中和殿后。保和殿高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="29" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">29</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>，平面呈长方形，面阔<span lang="EN-US">9</span>间，进深<span lang="EN-US">5</span>间，建筑面积<span lang="EN-US">1240</span>㎡。黄琉璃瓦重檐歇山式屋顶。屋顶正中有一条正脊，前后各有<span lang="EN-US">2</span>条垂脊，在各条垂脊下部再斜出一条岔脊，连同正脊、垂脊、岔脊共<span lang="EN-US">9</span>条，建筑术语上叫歇山式。保和殿是每年除夕皇帝赐宴外藩王公的场所。保和殿也是<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/5138.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">科举</span></span></a></span>考试举行<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/31230.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">殿试</span></span></a></span>的地方。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 太和殿和中和殿、保和殿都建在汉白玉砌成的<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="8" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">8</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>高的工字形基台上，太和在前，中和居中，保和在后。远望犹如神话中的琼宫仙阙。基台三层重迭，每层台上边缘都装饰有汉白玉雕刻的栏板、望柱和龙头，三台当中有三层石阶雕有<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/302225.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">蟠龙</span></span></a></span>，衬托以海浪和流云的<span lang="EN-US">“<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1569463.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">御路</span></span></a>”</span>。在<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="25000" unitname="平方米"><span lang="EN-US">25000</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>的台面上有透雕栏板<span lang="EN-US">1415</span>块，雕刻云龙翔凤的望柱<span lang="EN-US">1460</span>个，龙头<span lang="EN-US">1138</span>个。用这样多的汉白玉装饰的三台，造型重迭起伏，这是中国古代建筑上具有独特风格的装饰艺术。而这种装饰在结构功能上，又是台面的排水管道。在栏板地栿石下，刻有小洞口；在望柱下伸出的龙头也刻出小洞口。每到雨季，<span lang="EN-US">3</span>台雨水逐层由各小洞口下泄，水由龙头流出，千龙喷水，蔚为壮观。这是科学而又艺术的设计。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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