故宫历史
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">故宫始建于公元<span lang="EN-US">1406</span>年（<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/254174.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">永乐</span></span></a></span>四年），<span lang="EN-US">1420</span>年（永乐十八年）基本竣工，历时<span lang="EN-US">14</span>年，是<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/23538.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">明成祖</span></span></a></span>朱棣始建，在<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/442909.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">元大都</span></span></a></span>宫殿的基础上兴建。明初主持设计者<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/122729.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">蒯祥</span></span></a></span>（<span lang="EN-US">1397-1481</span>年，字廷瑞，苏州人）。<span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">故宫建成后，经历了明、清两个王朝，到<span lang="EN-US">1911</span>年清帝逊位的约五百年间，历经了明、清两个朝代二十四位<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20013.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">皇帝</span></span></a></span>。是明清两朝最高统治核心的代名词。明清宫廷五百多年的历史，包含了帝后活动，等级制度、权力斗争、宗教祭祀等。当时普通人连走近紫禁城墙附近的地方都算犯罪。由于明清宫廷是封建制度高度完备的最高统治中心，不寻常的大事，往往都是围绕皇权的传承与安危展开的。如明代正统皇帝复辟的<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/72604.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">夺门之变</span></span></a></span>、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/131625.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">嘉靖皇帝</span></span></a></span>被宫女谋刺的<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/39414.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">壬寅宫变</span></span></a></span>、万历四十三年梃击太子宫的<span lang="EN-US">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/204961.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">梃击案</span></span></a></span>”</span>、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/475155.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">泰昌皇帝</span></span></a></span>因服丹丸而死亡的<span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">红丸案</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span>、泰昌帝病死后围绕着新皇帝登极的<span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">移宫</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span>风波。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/5405.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">清朝</span></span></a></span>初诸王大臣为确立皇权的三官庙之争、清末<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1720.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">慈禧太后</span></span></a></span>谋取权力的<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/69140.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">辛酉政变</span></span></a></span>等等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span lang="EN-US">1911</span>年<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/28947.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">辛亥革命</span></span></a></span>后，紫禁城宫殿本应全部收归国有，但按照那时拟定的《清室优待条件》，逊帝<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20788.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">爱新觉罗·</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">溥仪</span></span></a></span>被允许<span lang="EN-US">“</span>暂居宫禁<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，即<span lang="EN-US">“</span>后寝<span lang="EN-US">”</span>部分。<span lang="EN-US">1924</span>年，<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20746.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">冯玉祥</span></span></a></span>发动<span lang="EN-US">“<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/59441.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">北京政变</span></span></a>”</span>，将溥仪逐出宫禁，同时成立<span lang="EN-US">“</span>清室善后委员会<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，接管了故宫。于<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="10" month="10" year="1925"><span lang="EN-US">1925</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">10</span>日</st1:chsdate>宣布<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/50439.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">故宫博物院</span></span></a></span>正式成立，对外开放。<span lang="EN-US">1925</span>年以后紫禁城才被称为<span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">故宫</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span>。随着清王朝的没落，特别是<span lang="EN-US">1949</span>年前的<span lang="EN-US">38</span>年中，故宫建筑日渐破坏，有多处宫殿群倒坍，垃圾成山。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">1949</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年中华人民共和国成立后，<span lang="EN-US">1961</span>年，国务院宣布故宫为第一批<span lang="EN-US">“<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/163959.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">全国重点文物保护单位</span></span></a>”</span>。从五六十年代起进行了大规模的修整。<span lang="EN-US">1988</span>年故宫被<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/10718.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">联合<span lang="EN-US">国教科文组织</span></span></span></a></span>列为<span lang="EN-US">“<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/14389.htm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">世界文化遗产</span></span></a>”</span>。现辟为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>故宫博物院<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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