人民大会堂设计内幕
<h1>人民大会堂设计内幕</h1><div class="font_hui" style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; MARGIN: 10px 20px; LINE-HEIGHT: 25px;"><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="content"><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><font size="3"></font></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><font size="3">姜震中</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年夏，中共中央在北戴河会议上，议定为庆祝中共建政</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">周年，要在北京天安门广场兴建一些里程碑式的建筑，名为「国庆工程」。广场上的建筑，以人民大会堂的设计最费周折。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">人民大会堂要建在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">44</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公顷的天安门广场范围内，还要达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">50000</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">平方米的建筑面积，所以，就不能不考虑它与广场两侧所有建筑的关系，以及对广场观赏效果的影响。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">几个月过去了，十多个参与「国庆工程」设计的单位提供的应征方案，已经通过了七轮评选，却依然因为人民大会堂没有理想的设计而难以定案。而广场整体规划的最终完成，必须有赖于人民大会堂设计方案的定稿，如果这个方案定不下来，广场上的其它工程也难以开工。于是，周恩来在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月底做出指示：「要进一步解放思想，除了老专家之外，发动青年设计师参加方案设计。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">北京市委第二书记刘仁在周恩来指示后，亲赴清华大学，动员建筑系的青年教师参加方案设计工作。与此同时，北京市规划局局长冯佩之也在局里作动员，号召青年建筑师都参加人民大会堂的设计行动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">周恩来在谈到人民大会堂的建筑风格时，曾说过：「古今中外一切精华，皆为我用。要解放思想，不要受形式的束缚。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年轻的设计师们受到了启发，突破中国传统木结构形势的约束，并从干隆时期引入的欧洲「西洋楼」的事例着手，不拘一格地藉鉴适合人民大会堂性质的表现形式。新的构思从广场的整体空间着眼，着意以总体组合来表达雄浑的气势，使人民大会堂的纵向长度达到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">336</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">米。大会堂的体积、高度与天安门广场上的其它建筑形成主从关系，相互呼应。大会堂虽然藉鉴了柱廊式等西方古建筑的韵律，但其整体构思却有中国传统的建筑内涵寄寓其中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">本来，由于面积限制，几乎所有参与方案设计的建筑师，都将大会堂的大宴会厅安排在一层的。但外交部礼宾司的人认为：这样设计的宴会厅，贵宾入席没有回旋余地，没有休息场所，必须马上登堂入室，对号入座，类似大灶食堂，没有国宴气氛，有损国家尊严。因此，周恩来指示增加迎宾厅，周围设衣帽间，中间建大型扶梯通向二楼宴会厅，于是，宴会厅由一层升至二层。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在最新的设计方案里，会议大厅被摆在东西、南北两条轴线的交叉点上，位居正中且导向性非常明确，这是为了充分体现人民大会堂的政治特征，但也导致了面积的膨胀，达到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">70000</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">平方米。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><font size="3">在设计过程中，放弃原有的框架、设想，根据实际需要和条件进行合理更改的情形，有一个很突出的例子，就是大会堂万人礼堂的平面设计。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">周恩来曾对万人礼堂的形状提出过个人的意见，说要做成类似马蹄的「卵形」。所以在大多数应选方案的平面图中，礼堂都被设计成接近马蹄或鸡蛋的椭圆形。但在对「卵形」礼堂作具体分析时发现，一个容纳万人的礼堂，如若采用椭圆形或圆形的话，最远的视距将拉长到八九十米，最后一排的人看主席台要作近百米的眺望。为了容纳万人，礼堂必须做多层挑台，但卵形礼堂的挑台做不深，做深了会导致后排座位的人看不到整个主席台，不仅容量小、视距远、视听效果不好，而且势必增多层数，也不符合大会堂的性质，显然是不可取的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为了将最远视距缩短，使礼堂有较佳的视觉效果，经过反复画图和比较，北京市规划局认为，把礼堂做成扇形最合适，最远视距可控制在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">米之内，而且只需做两层深挑台。最后，扇形礼堂的方案被肯定了下来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><p></p></span></font></p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那时正是「大跃进」时代，全民动员，大会堂只用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">个月的时间，就全部建设完成。</span></div> <font face="楷体_GB2312"><font size="5"><strong><font face="宋体">使</font></strong></font></font><br/> 谁有大会堂的平面图？里面的什么台湾厅 浙江厅 都在哪里啊？？？？ <font face="Verdana">说</font><font face="Verdana">起<font face="Verdana">人</font><font face="Verdana">民<font face="Verdana">大</font><font face="Verdana">会<font face="Verdana">堂<font face="Verdana">我</font><font face="Verdana">的<font face="Verdana">二</font><font face="Verdana">大<font face="Verdana">爷</font><font face="Verdana">当<font face="Verdana">时</font><font face="Verdana">也<font face="Verdana">是</font><font face="Verdana">设<font face="Verdana">计</font><font face="Verdana">者<font face="Verdana">之<font face="Verdana">一</font><font face="Verdana">。</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>subway44</i>在2009-6-8 10:57:00的发言：</b><br/>台湾厅，大会堂一进门，过了大厅，右边男卫生间边上就是。 </div><p>你你...你是怎么知道的？？</p> 台湾厅，大会堂一进门，过了大厅，右边男卫生间边上就是。 牛 <p>我搜集网上的资料，弄了个帖子</p>
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<p><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=657970069" target="_blank">◥◣★◢◤[多图]建筑面积超过故宫的人民大会堂内部大揭秘 </a></p>
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