明清皇宫是如何取暖的
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 99pt; mso-char-indent-count: 5.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">明清皇宫是如何取暖的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北京的冬天是漫长的,昔日的明清皇宫里是如何取暖的?这是游览故宫的人常常提出的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紫禁城内的主要宫殿大都坐北朝南,建筑设计本身就便于日照取暖。此外,高大的宫殿和厚厚的墙壁、屋顶,都可以抵挡寒风的侵袭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">室内取暖,还有另外一套设计和措施。宫殿的地下挖有火道,灶口设在殿外廊子下,是一个<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="1" numbertype="3" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="米">一米</chmetcnv>多深的坑洞,这就叫暖阁结构。康熙、同治和光绪结婚的洞房——坤宁宫东暖阁和绝大多数宫殿,现在都还保留着这种设施。暖阁之中,设有暖炕。上至皇帝、皇后,下至宫女、太监,凡是居室都有炕床,炕下有火道,结构与今天北方农村中的火炕差不多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前几年游故宫时,还能看到在太和殿、乾清宫室外廊子下,有当年太监烧火的灶口,上面盖有木板,大约有</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">见方,现在经过重修已经将灶口填平了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殿内不装火炉,安放薰笼。薰笼高<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="1" numbertype="3" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="米">一米</chmetcnv>多,有青铜鎏金,掐丝珐琅的,精美华贵,既是取暖炉,又是装饰品。太和殿、中和殿、保和殿和乾清宫等处,现在还能看到当年使用过的薰笼,谓之薰殿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">还有一种小薰笼,像西瓜般大小,可以随手提动,暖脚的为脚炉,暖手的为手炉,大体同我国北方的火盆,但特别精致,只有帝、后及妃、嫔们才能使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薰笼所用的燃料是上好的“红罗炭”,由产于涿州、通州、蓟州易州、宛平、大兴等地的硬实木材烧制。成炭以后,按尺寸锯成段,装入涂有红土的小圆筐,送入宫内使用,所以名为“红罗炭”。这种优质木炭,乌黑发亮,燃烧持久,火力旺盛,既不冒烟又没有气味,不污染空气。紫禁城内房屋多,冬季所用木炭数量相当可观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我看过两份档案:一是明万历十八年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1590</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)殿试,一次就用木炭一千多斤。殿试是在保和殿举行的,殿试的时间正是冬季,大殿里特别冷。参试者自带笔墨和砚台,因为天冷结冰,无法书写试卷。于是皇帝恩准,调拨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斤木炭,让他们暖暖和和的应试。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">还有一份档案是清乾隆朝宫中实行木炭的定量供应制度。乾隆把木炭看作是一种宝贵资源,不许滥用。皇帝、皇后、皇子、皇孙、公主、宫妃每人每天用的木炭都有定量,不得浪费。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明、清两代专管供应皇宫内薪炭的机构称“惜薪司”,衙署设在西安门内。清代惜薪司由一百多名太监组成,设有三个处:热水初负责安装火炉,送运炭柴;炭柴处负责炭柴的存储和分发;烧炕处专管点火烧炕。这些烧火太监都经过特殊挑选,忠于帝王,被称为近侍太监。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">冬季用炭火取暖,有两件事必须当心。一是防火,一是防煤气中毒。炭炉致火和煤气中毒的意外都发生过。就说一场火灾吧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清嘉庆二年十月二十一日(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1797</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日)晚,乾清宫突然火光冲天,并迅速延烧左右两侧的宏德、昭仁两殿及后面的交泰殿,连坤宁宫前檐都为熏灼所及,幸赖西北风起而无虞。经总管内务府大臣永琅等人核查,始知大火是掌火太监郝世通不慎引起。原来铜质火盆或掐丝珐琅薰笼向来薰殿火盆内,未烬之炭即行埋灭,贮坛、贮于炕洞,备次日再用。此次系太监郝世通将炭埋闷熄灭,贪图近便,放在东穿堂楠木格旁,不料复燃,值班首领太监闻到烟味,势已燎原,晚了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p> <p><strong>这比法国宫廷的取暖方法先进些。</strong></p><p><strong>路易十四把自己的卧室弄的跟大殿似的,忒大,冬天取暖十分不便</strong></p> <p>那麽高的举架,又没有吊棚,烧啥都是白搭。</p><p>真正取暖的就是火炕(南北大炕)。</p> <p> 还有一种取暖炉。据陈万里先生影集“民十三之故宫”记载(陈先生是我国著名陶瓷鉴定专家,也是中国最早的摄影组织“北大光社”的发起人,在当时与郎静山齐名。曾经参加“清室善后委员会”接管故宫。):在一位太后的刚刚离开的宫内,桌上留有吃了一半的苹果,还有一只白泥炭炉。</p>
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