老北京的“九坛”
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 143pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">老北京的“九坛”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“坛”,是古代举行祭祀、誓师等大典用的土、石等筑的高台。北京是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">800</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多年的古都,素有“九坛八庙”之称。九坛指的是天坛、地坛、朝日坛、夕月坛、祈谷坛、先农坛、太岁坛、先蚕坛、社稷坛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天坛在祈年殿的南端,圜丘坛才是名副其实的天坛,又有祭天台之称。固有“天圆地方”之说。圜丘是一座洁白的三层白石圆坛,因天是凌空,所以台上不建房屋。皇帝在每年的冬至日祭天,先去皇穹宇上香、行礼,再去圜丘视看坛位,最后住在斋宫。次日祭天时皇帝在坛上上香、行礼。坛下“中和韶乐”齐奏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地坛,又称方泽坛。建在安定门外,建于明嘉靖九年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,地坛是汉白玉的两层方台,象征大地是正方形。台的北面有方泽,是贮水池,台的南面有祗室。明、清皇帝每年夏至日出时,在这里祭祀土地神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朝日坛,又称日坛。建在朝阳门外,建于明嘉靖九年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,坛为白石方坛,一层,西向。明代时坛面为红琉璃,以象征太阳,清代殿为方砖墁地,四周有围墙。坛东有神库、神厨、宰牲亭等。西北有、具服殿、南有左右配殿。明、清皇帝每年春分日出时,在这里祭祀太阳神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">夕月坛,又称月坛。建在阜成门外,建于明嘉靖九年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,坛为白石方坛,一层,东向。另外还有神库、神厨、宰牲亭、具服殿等。明、清皇帝每年秋分亥时,(晚上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时)在这里祭祀夜明之神(月亮)。地坛、朝日坛、夕月坛解放后辟为公园。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">祈谷坛,即天坛祈年殿的位置,建在三层汉白玉圆坛之上,原来是封建帝王祭天用的后改为祈祷五谷丰登的地方。建于明永乐十八年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1420</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年),清光绪十五年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1889</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)重建。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先农坛,在永定门内西侧,建于明嘉靖年间(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1522</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">------1566</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年),坛为砖砌成方型一层,坛北有正殿五间,供奉先农神牌位。还有观耕台、诵幽堂、神仓、天神坛,地祗坛等,明、清皇帝每年春节第二个月的亥日吉时,祭祀先农神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太岁坛,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位于先农坛东北侧,正殿七间,南向。因太岁是值岁之神,皇帝每年春、冬两季需择吉日来此祭祀,以求岁岁吉祥,国泰民安。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先蚕坛,位于北海公园东北方向,建于清乾隆年间,每年春季第二个月的<span style="COLOR: black;">己</span>日(第六天),皇后要来此躬行桑礼,以表示对农副业生产的关怀与重视。这也是唯一女性参与的祭祀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社稷坛,位于天安门西侧(今中山公园),是明代迁都北京所建的第一坛。是一座汉白玉砌成的三层方台,台上以南红、西白、北黑、东青、中黄五个方位铺着五种颜色的土,叫“五色土”。表示“普天之下,莫非王土”之意。明、清皇帝每逢二、八月都来这里祭祀土地神和五谷神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北京的“九坛”建筑历史悠久,规模宏大,内容丰富,具有较高的历史价值和独特的风格。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p> <p>转贴几张图:</p><p> </p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/20086678070697.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866781116601.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866782669555.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866783811909.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866785219618.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/20086679897511.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866792016509.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/200866710987074.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008667102116629.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008667103232626.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/> 要是能看到日坛、地坛、月坛的<font size="5">具服殿内檐就好了</font> <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>河豚毒</i>在2008-6-6 20:41:42的发言:</b><br/>要是能看到日坛、地坛、月坛的<font size="5">具服殿内檐就好了</font></div><p>内檐太专业了。 </p><p>.只有月坛的三张,还是复建中的: </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008674391757077.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008674411694690.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008674413431508.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /></p><p></p><p>日坛的具服殿被占用,好像是外事招待所。</p><p>地坛的具服殿与斋宫亦被单位占用了。<br/></p><img src="http://img.obj.cc/forum/dvbbs/2008-6/2008674561566690.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/>
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