[转帖]清朝官员亲眼目睹巴黎公社起义全过程 高度震撼
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">1870</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月，天津地方政府抓获了一个拐卖儿童的罪犯王三，在王三的供词中牵涉到法国的天主教堂。当地群众本来就对法国教士的嚣张气焰不满，因而借机自发砸毁了教堂。法国领事丰大业于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">23</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日找到天津的中国官员进行交涉，并持手枪威胁群众，群众忍无可忍，双方开始互殴并兵戎相见，结果丰大业本人和一批法国教士、修女在混乱中被人打死，这就是“天津教案”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">事情发生后，法国政府借题发挥，要求清政府作出巨大让步。清政府遂派兵部左侍郎崇厚为特使，兵部候补员外郎张德彝为英文翻译，携一干人等，到法国赔礼道歉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt;"><font size="4"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">因动乱在法待近</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">年</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">1871</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">24</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，崇厚、张德彝一行抵达法国马赛。当时，正值普法战争法国战败之时，法国政府无暇顾及清朝的这个“谢罪使团”，结果崇厚等人在法国一直待了近一年。由于这个缘故，这些人从头到尾见证了巴黎公社起义的全过程。其中，张德彝以目击者的身份，以日记的形式记录下了法国投降、巴黎起义、凡尔赛军队攻占巴黎以及对革命者进行大规模镇压等等历史场面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">17</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，张德彝奉命先往巴黎，为中国使者寻觅住处，不料第二天巴黎就爆发了起义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">18</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，张德彝正想出城接使团其他人来巴黎，却遇到法国梯也尔政府军与国民自卫军的混战。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">法国政府派</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">万军队兵分四路，想抢回巴黎城内的大炮。国民自卫军阻挡政府军前进，政府军将领命令部队开火，结果政府军队不但不听指挥，反而倒戈加入了国民自卫军。国民自卫军乘胜追击，活捉并击毙了梯也尔政府的勒康特、克列芒·托马等高级官员。面临巴黎这种混乱的局面，张德彝只好禀报崇厚，要他待战时平息，再来巴黎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">但巴黎的情况持续动乱。当天夜里，不断有起义者前往巴黎，“终夜喧闹”，张德彝提心吊胆，一夜未得安宁。第二天一早，张德彝便听说革命者已经取得胜利，占领了警察厅、市政厅等政府机关，梯也尔等政府官员也纷纷逃往凡尔赛；革命军掌握政权以后，官军也都投向革命等等。巴黎这么动乱，看来是待不下去了，但是想出巴黎，又没有车马，邮局、电信也关门了，张德彝只好作罢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt;"><font size="4"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">滞留凡尔赛当旁观者</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">几经辗转，张德彝终于出了巴黎，并随崇厚等人于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">30</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日来到凡尔赛，先后见到了法国政府首脑梯也尔、外长法弗尔等人，但是被巴黎公社起义搞得焦头烂额的法国政府无暇顾及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">天津教案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">。因而使团又在凡尔赛滞留，直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月初巴黎公社被镇压才返回巴黎。这样，崇厚、张德彝等人作为旁观者，再次从凡尔赛的角度观察并记叙了巴黎公社革命的相关情况。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">张德彝到凡尔赛的头一天晚上，就见旅馆外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">兵马云集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">，原来是政府军队不愿与革命军作战，政府不得不调动海军来镇压革命。后来，政府军与公社部队不断发生激烈的战斗，张德彝等人都有目睹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，公社调集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">万国民自卫军，分三路向凡尔赛进军，政府军出城迎战。由于久攻巴黎不下，凡尔赛军队采取炮轰巴黎的战术，张德彝目睹当时的情况是，巴黎城是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">浓烟冲突，烈焰飞腾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">，好像烧着了几千间房屋一样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">21</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，凡尔赛军队对巴黎发动了总攻。上演了历史上著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">五月流血周</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">23</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，张德彝在凡尔赛第一次见到了被抓获的公社人员两万多人。张德彝认为，这些人不过是受到胁迫的穷民，并无太大罪过，但想到他们不久就会受刑，心里也不禁十分难过。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">28</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，公社遭到镇压，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">29</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，张德彝在凡尔赛目睹了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">胜利之师</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">三四万人的归来。这些人面目黝黑，步履蹒跚，有的走着走着就躺在了地上。这支刚刚投降过普鲁士，又拿起枪镇压本国起义者的军队，完全没有胜利之师的模样！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt;"><font size="4"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">再回巴黎完成使命</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">28</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，巴黎公社遭到镇压，大批起义人员被处死。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月初，张德彝随崇厚再次进入巴黎。张德彝等人目睹了政府军追捕、屠杀起义者场景，多次真实地记录了公社社员大义凛然、视死如归的气慨。张德彝刚到巴黎当天，就在大街上见到被俘公社人员两千多人，这些人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">有吸烟者，有唱曲者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">，一点也没有惧怕的意思。可见，张德彝对于慷慨就义的公社战士，还是颇有几分同情的。当时的中国，刚刚镇压了太平天国运动，一个清朝官员能有这样的态度，十分难能可贵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">之后，张德彝等人在巴黎参加了两个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">善后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">事宜。一个是参观了被推倒的旺多姆圆柱。旺多姆圆柱原是拿破仑一世战胜敌国时，用缴获的铜炮改铸而成的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">日，公社拆毁了这一象征着帝国主义和沙文主义的圆柱，并推倒了拿破仑的石像。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">二是参加了凡尔赛当局为原巴黎大主教达尔布达瓦举行的葬礼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月初，公社为清除反革命的势力，颁布关于人质的命令，捉获并处死了达尔布达瓦主教。凡尔赛军队夺取巴黎后，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月上旬为他举行葬礼，并邀请各国使节参加，中国使节也在被邀之列。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">崇厚使团既然是为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">天津教案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">谢罪而来，此时又将此事向法国政府说明。但梯也尔政府一直未顾得上理会。直到当年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">12</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">月，梯也尔才正式接见中国使团，接受国书，并相互致词。经历梯也尔的一番训斥之后，崇厚一行也完成了他们赴法国的使命。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> <span id="publish_time">2007年08月30日 11:32</span><span id="source_place">国际在线</span></span></font></p> 珍贵资料！！！
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