古人如何造"金砖"
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“金砖”并不是人们想象的“金”砖，它是我们国家古代独有的一种建筑材料。由于它做工精细，是砖中极品，又为皇家专用，所以人们称之为金砖。据内务府造办处“各处成活计”档案中记载，金砖又称做“津砖”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金砖创制年代无考，但据有关文献先记载，金砖在明代已有大量生产制造了。到了清代的乾隆年间，质量和数量都达到了高峰。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金砖规格分为一尺七寸，二尺，二尺七寸，厚二寸五，均为正方形。由于它系“钦工物料”，为皇家所用，所以地位特殊，加之严格的选料，精细的加工，使之烧后颜色纯青，敲之声音悦耳，断之无孔，细如端砚，因此身价百倍。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">据《天工开物、造砖图说》等书记载，造砖过程分为：选土，练泥，澄浆，制坯，阴干，入窑，烧制六个工序。每个工序又有详细分工，如选土分捶，晒，舂，磨。澄浆分淘，晾，，揉，踏</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">……</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">入窑烧制得用文火熏烧，仅烧制的时间就长达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">130</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天。成砖后还得浸油，前前后后需二年时间尚可完成。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因为皇家工程是不能停工待料的，所以从制坯到烧制成砖，从运输到使用每个可能出现问题的地方都要估计到。为了保证质量和施工用量，往往工程上用一块砖同比要多制六至七块砖，清乾隆年间烧制质量最好时，也要</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，大型砖要</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。也就是不同规格的砖，为了保证工程需要，最少也要一至两倍的烧制。为了分清责任，每块砖上都要烧制上年代，产地，监造者，制造者，规格，以备察验。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">让人遗憾的是，一百多年前已不再烧制金砖了，技术也因此而失传，解放后因财力物力原因曾试制过但未成功，故宫现在尚存的金砖数量也是极为有限。</span></p> 十三陵定陵地宫内地面铺的就是“金砖”。
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