胡同童年 发表于 2007-5-25 15:51:00

[转帖]慈禧邀外国人观4万人大军演 想扫八国入侵的晦气

<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">       慈禧邀外国人观</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">万人大军演</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
                </span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">想扫八国入侵的晦气</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  数万新军集结河南</font></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                        </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">西方记者褒贬不一</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">军事演习在当今世界已经不算什么新鲜事了,不过,</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年前的中国清政府搞了一次名叫彰德会操的大规模军演,在当时却很轰动。四五百名外国武官和记者还云集现场,观摩和报道演习盛况。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1905</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">月,袁世凯主导的北洋六镇新军全部练成,约有</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">万人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  袁世凯鼓动慈禧太后搞大演习</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  说到此次彰德会操,就必须提到袁世凯和河间会操。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1905</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年阴历六月,袁世凯督练的北洋新军六镇正式成军。为考察这支部队的实际作战能力,清政府练兵处在直隶河间举行了一次北洋军内部的大会操。袁世凯既是练兵处的会办练兵大臣,又是这次会操的阅兵大臣,因此使出浑身解数,将参加会操的北洋新军主力</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">镇</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">混成协共</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">45002</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">人(编者注:镇是北洋新军的一级建制,相当于师,建制顺序由上到下依次为:镇、协、标、营、队、排、棚;混成协是各兵种的临时组合),分为南北两军,搞了一个</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">天的大演习:前</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">天实行南攻北御,最后一天举行大规模阅兵典礼。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  这次演习非常成功,给各界官员和私下受邀观摩的洋人留下了深刻印象。光绪皇帝和慈禧太后对演习非常关切,事后还听取了袁世凯的汇报。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  看了会操现场的照片、办事章程、方略命令及战况评判、训词等,慈禧太后开始对进行了</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年军事改革的清朝军队有了些底气。而此时的袁世凯等人提出了一个建议,想在全国搞新式陆军大演习,目的是展示陆军改革的成果;同时邀请各国列强前来观看,炫耀武力,扫一扫八国联军侵略中国带来的晦气。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">  慈禧太后听后,很是高兴,并任命袁世凯、铁良为阅兵大臣,决定在河南彰德(今河南安阳)举行大会操。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  阅兵处研制“行军米”</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  由于目的明确,清政府外务部和会操举办方,开始积极邀请外国军事人员和新闻记者前来观摩,并要求各省派要员观摩,且充当评判员。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  当时西方主要国家英、美、俄、法、德、意、奥、荷、比等和日本,均派武官和情报人员前往。西方著名报刊如英国的《泰晤士报》、《字林西报》、俄国的《警卫报》、德国的《营报》、美国的《月报》以及日本《时事新闻报》和《每日新闻报》等均派记者前来采访。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  而国内重要报刊《申报》、《时报》、《大公报》、《华字汇报》等也非常关注。由于会操主办方采取了少有的开放政策,有的报社虽然没有被邀请,但也派记者前来采访,最后观看彰德会操的中外各界人士共计</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">487</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">人。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  由于人员太多,被修饰一新的彰德府开始变得人满为患。因为住宿紧张,一些人只好住在满是虱子跳蚤的小客栈,有路子的人,则借宿在当地的名流或土财主家。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  会操指挥部对洋人和国内要员的安全保卫,丝毫不敢怠慢,工作做得极为细致。他们专程从天津派来了</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">400</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">名得力巡捕,并特别抽调军人,日夜巡逻保障安全。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  另外,为使军人吃上方便可口的食品,阅兵处还研制了一种行军蒸米。他们用上等大米淘净,以水浸泡</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">分钟,干湿相宜后再用蒸笼蒸熟后阴干。需要时用水泡</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">分钟后即可食用,被称为“方便米”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  演习规模空前</font></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                        </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">南军北军较劲五天</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  参加彰德会操的军队有北洋新军、湖北新军和河南新军。北洋新军各军</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">镇</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">混成协</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">16172</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">人组成北军,以段祺瑞为总统官;湖北新军</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">镇和河南新军</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">混成协共</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">17786</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">人合编成南军,张彪为总统官。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  另外,南北两军共动用了战马</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2743</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">匹,后勤车辆</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">898</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">辆,操演战线长达</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">40</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">余里。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  湖广总督张之洞十分看重会操的胜负,作为清朝元老重臣的他编练新军很早,对于袁世凯这样的新贵有些看不上眼,自然想通过此次会操,见识一下对方实力。为了此次会操的成功,张之洞在一个月前,就将湖北新军派往河南新乡与河南新军合练。不肯服输的袁世凯准备更充分,此次演习前几天,他的部队还一边行军一边演习。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1906</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">月</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">19</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">日,南北两军按计划到达指定地点,形成了南攻北御的对阵之势。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">天后会操开始。第一天的内容是南北两军骑兵冲击战。早上</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">点,南军马队北上,</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">点钟,前锋马队看到远方出现了一拨人马,十分兴奋,很快将其包抄起来。然而走近时,他们才发现自己错将阅兵大臣卫队误认为北军马队,结果领队被骂了个狗血喷头。如此一折腾,到了将近</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">点,南军马队绕了一大圈才发现北军。在以逸待劳的北军面前,南军马力疲惫不堪,结果首日演习北军占优。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  第二天的内容是两军主力的遭遇战,这回双方互有得失。第三天演练攻防大战。两军全部出动,战斗颇为激烈,北军最后略占优势。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">天演习完毕,袁世凯和铁良在彰德府城外的小张村,举行了隆重的阅兵式,南北两军穿着军礼服,雄赳赳气昂昂地齐集阅兵场,举行了分列式。队伍整齐,军容壮盛,很是吸引洋人的眼球,也让国内参观者啧啧称奇。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  外国人评价高</font></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                        </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">军纪让人放心</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  由于准备充分,彰德会操达到了清政府的预期目的。尽管欧美观摩者指出演习存在一些问题,比如射击时士兵没有采用卧倒姿势、战斗队形有时不整齐、骑兵过于满足于砍杀等,但对这次会操基本上满意。一些外国人评价说:“统观两军阵法,当推北军为胜。大概是平时北军操练、管理确实优于南军。北洋陆军的兵械、军服、装具、马匹一律鲜明,一丝不紊,精神状态很好。河南军队就稍次些,湖北军队最不突出。”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  俄国和德国的武官甚至还认为,中国陆军现在已经可以与日本匹敌。对于这种看法,观摩的日军参谋本部松川少将等人,也承认中国军队取得了不小的进步。他们说:“中国的军事力量照现在的发展情况看,他日必有起色;如果中国全国都以此次大演习作为模范,进行扩军备战练兵强国,效果将是不得了的。”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  不过日本一些报刊有些心怀嫉妒地批评说:“形式虽然可观,精神却未足,因为没有国民教育的缘故。”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  对彰德会操印象最深刻的是当地的老百姓。参加观摩的英国军官鲍尔上校说,老百姓刚听说即将举行军演时,疑虑重重,因为以前的军队行动常常伴有抢劫行为,人们往往离乡逃难,有的妇女竟然投井自杀。而这次他惊喜地发现,清朝军人纪律严明,买东西一律付钱,甚至在行军中不得出队私买食物或水,这使他对新军良好的军纪感到非常惊讶。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  冯玉祥当时作为队官也参加了这场演习,他回忆道:“晚上行军遇上了大雨,当时现买草料,现买给养。原来五六十斤的帐篷,经大雨一淋,弄成一百多斤……大队经过高碑店到达定县时,己经午后</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">点钟,每个人都拖泥带水,狼狈不堪。在这时就看出我们的军纪的确不坏,参谋人员走来时,弟兄们自己架起枪来,冒大雨挺立着,一动不动。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  慈禧总结经验</font></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                        </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">要打压袁世凯</font></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  彰德会操不仅获得了国外的认可,也赢得了国内各界的赞誉,袁世凯的声望大大提高。国内舆论界不少人希望清政府认真总结经验,继续加强军队建设,避免此次耗费百万金钱,仅仅换来外国人的几句溢美之词。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  这时候,慈禧太后确实也在总结经验。但得出的结论却是,必须从速打击最有才干的袁世凯,以防备汉族大臣控制军权。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  和袁世凯一起作为阅兵大臣的满洲权贵铁良,对打击汉族官僚势力最为积极。他见袁世凯风头正劲,既嫉妒又暗生敌意,便秘密上奏折,鼓动清政府对袁开刀,夺取北洋军的领导权,这与慈禧太后的想法不谋而合。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  演习结束后,袁世凯一直沉浸在成功的喜悦中,直到一个月后的</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">月,看到朝廷公布了酝酿己久的官制改革方案,才知道形势不妙。这个方案不仅否定了袁世凯提出的方案,还将所有军事方面的事务,收归陆军部</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">个满族大臣办理。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">  迫于无奈,袁世凯急忙上折将其所兼的参与政务大臣、会办练兵事等权力上交,以求避祸,一句埋怨的话也不敢说。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
                </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><p></p></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">  而此时的张之洞感觉不错。此前他非常生气,因为彰德会操时有外国人评价说,“湖北新军和北洋军比较起来,犹如枳橘之别。”此次看到袁世凯被压制,张之洞暗自庆幸,在这个腐朽的帝国,还是表现差的最为安全。</span></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-26 0:29:21编辑过]

油油 发表于 2007-5-25 15:57:00

重复了???????????

胡同童年 发表于 2007-5-26 00:30:00

晕,我才看到,油油窗户也不给我发个小窗户。

梦欺骗你我 发表于 2007-5-27 18:23:00

满人真是的。。。。。&nbsp;

松园 发表于 2007-5-27 22:10:00

有照片就好了

爱屋及乌 发表于 2007-5-28 09:02:00

这个有意思!
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