[转帖]解说词8-10集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第八集</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫藏玉(1)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是一块玉璧，它默默立在这里已不知有多久了，它直面的是养心殿，那是清朝皇帝办公居住的地方，皇帝坐在宝座上处理政务的时候，时时可以看到对面不远处的玉璧。这块玉璧取“面壁”的意思，它时刻提醒着皇帝要反省自己的一言一行。孔子在《礼记》中写道：君子比德于玉。玉曾经成为中国人道德标准的象征。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当玉器进入皇宫之后，便在这个宫殿里拥有了无可替代的地位。它在很多重要的场合中，被赋予了特殊的意义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “皇帝将赠给英王的第一种礼物托我转送，这个礼物的名字叫如意，是一种长一英尺半的白色石头，上面刻着花，中国人认为这个礼物非常名贵，而我则以为这东西未必值钱。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 写下这段文字的人叫马戈尔尼。在公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1793</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，也就是大清乾隆五十八年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1 0</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日清晨，这位叫马戈尔尼的英国特使受到中国皇帝乾隆的接见。双方在这次接见中互赠礼品。乾隆皇帝将一柄白玉如意赠送英王，又分别赠马戈尔尼与副手绿色玉如意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在接见仪式后对各宫殿的参观中，马戈尔尼对富丽堂皇的宫殿留下了深刻印象。同时他发现每一殿的宝座旁也都放置一件玉如意，“形状与赠给英王的相似”。马戈尔尼虽然知道如意喻含和平与兴旺的祝福，但他未必知道这种被他认为并不值钱的美丽石头，在中国人眼中，却十分珍贵，并有着非凡的价值。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 石之美者为玉，中国人自古以来，就赋予这些美丽的石头独特的喜爱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 玉石精致而灵动，温婉而含蓄，与东方人的气质极为吻合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 一块玉石的形成据说要经历百亿年之久，凝聚着天地万物的精华。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在紫禁城中，最能体现玉的尊贵价值的器物就是代表至高无上的皇权的皇帝玉玺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这里是交泰殿。是紫禁城内廷后三宫之一，清朝皇帝使用的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">25</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">方宝玺曾收藏于此，其中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">23</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">枚宝玺都由玉石雕刻而成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在紫禁城建成后的五百多年时间里，这里总会重复发生这样的故事。一个神秘的人，携带着一个神秘的包裹，要求进宫献宝，他们都宣称自己找到了传说中的秦朝传国玉玺。’据史书记载，春秋时期那块著名的天然宝玉和氏璧，后来被雕刻成为秦国的传国玉玺。秦始皇曾希望借助这块宝玉的神力护佑他的王朝千秋万世。而后的各个王朝，也无不渴望获得和保有这枚传国玉玺。传国玺的流传贯穿中国历史长达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1500</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年。相传明朝灭元时，蒙古部落将玉玺带到了漠北，从此之后，真正的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">传国玺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">失去了踪迹，而各种仿制的赝品层出不穷。这是存放在紫禁城中，不知何时何人进献的一件所谓“传国玉玺”，据专家分析它其实是用泥土制成的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乾隆皇帝对和氏璧的传说并不以为然。他更看重的是本朝御玺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乾隆十一年以前，交泰殿贮藏宝玺多达三十九枚，真假混杂，其中就包括那枚假的传国玺。乾隆认为即便是真的秦代玉玺也不能与大清国的宝玺放在一起。乾隆十三年，在他为《宝谱》所做“御制交泰殿宝谱序”中提出：自古以来宝玺就没有固定的数目，现在交泰殿贮存的宝玺年头长了，记载也失实了，又有重复的，所以要加以考证，按次序排列。宝玺的数目为二十五枚，这是乾隆皇帝根据《周易大衍》天数二十有五所定。他知道自古以来，没有任何一个王朝能永远不灭亡，将宝玺的数字定为二十五，就是籍《周易》所记，祈求上苍，保佑大清的江山能延续二十五代。但实际上，乾隆之后，皇位仅仅往下传了六代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 除了玉玺之外，玉器在紫禁城中无处不在，它们既是生活用品，也是最主要的装饰品。各个宫殿的多宝格陈设的艺术品中，玉器占到百分之八十以上，玉的颜色有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">种，分别是白色、青色、黄色、碧色和墨色。故宫的玉器涵盖了玉的各个种类，其中新疆和阗玉又占据了主要地位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 穿过养心殿宝座后面的通道，我们来到了皇帝休息的后寝殿，这里陈设着很多玉器。在进门的东西两侧摆放着两个碧玉盘。盘的中央刻着一首诗。这首诗大致讲了公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1755</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1760</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年乾隆平定准葛尔的这段历史。平定西域后，和田玉内运的道路被打通，这件事对于中国宫廷玉器的制造，有着极大的意义。从此以后，新疆和田玉从开采、运输到制作，在法律上被皇家垄断。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1787</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，大清乾隆五十二年，八月十六日。一批造办处的官员在大内太监的陪同下手拿量尺小心翼翼地走进乐寿堂。他们一边丈量尺寸，一边还在小声讨论着，看来是要摆放一件重要的物品。如此兴师动众，他们要摆放得究竟是什么东西呢？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 原来，这是一件来自新疆和田的密勒塔山的巨型玉石雕刻的《大禹治水图玉山》，这件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多公斤重的玉雕，直到今天仍被称为世界之最。位于昆仑山脉的密勒塔山海拔近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">米，终年积雪，空气稀薄，每年只有七八九三个月才能进山开采玉料，在当年极端原始的开采条件下，这件玉料从山上移至山下，最少需要两三年的时间。开采已经很不容易，可是把重达五千多公斤的玉料运到万里之外的北京，路上还要跨越千山万水，这就更是一件极难完成的任务。这块巨大的玉料又用了三年的时间才来到紫禁城。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那块玉料就是人们所称的和田玉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 巍峨险峻的昆仑山，海拔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">米的地方终年被皑皑白雪覆盖，美丽的和田玉大部分就静静地埋藏在这里。采自山上的大块玉料和源自水中的珍贵籽玉，使这里变成了闻名遐迩的宝地。每年七、八月的时候，山洪爆发，把大量的山石带到了白玉河的下游，其中的玉石经过年复一年的搬运、冲刷，最坚硬的部分幸存下来，留在了河床的两侧，形状与鹅卵石相似，表面十分光滑，这就是我们今天称为玉中极品的籽玉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 玉的开采和运输由宫廷垄断，最美的玉石也由皇家专享。这是一张公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1767</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，大清乾隆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">28</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年新疆地区的春季进贡清单，进单中详细地记录了当年新疆地区玉料进贡的数量、种类和重量。其中仅这一次，就有和田贡玉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">79</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">块，叶尔羌河贡玉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">95</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">块，总重量达五百多斤。驻疆大臣每年春秋至少两次将玉料运至京城，乾隆时，每年至少会有四千斤左右的玉石从和田送到京城，多时还能达到一万多斤。充足的玉料使宫廷开始大规模地生产玉器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当时紫禁城养心殿的造办处里有一个被称作玉作的机构。每天会有四到五名玉工在这里为皇帝雕玉。这个部门最早成立于清顺治初年。到了乾隆时期，由于对玉器的需求增加，在紫禁城又建了一个如意馆，里面也有工匠雕玉。许多乾隆时期的玉器精品就出自这两个地方。清朝末年一个叫唐荣祚的人写过一本《玉说》，书中的玉作图把清朝皇家制玉的过程详细地描绘了下来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 专家李博生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 从开料、出粗坯、出大形，到细作到最后剖光，实际应该说加上最后的收尾工作叫做五个步骤。从有铁器以后，既然是完善了专业化做玉这个行，那也就是说脚蹬手磨这种制玉方式一直延续了三千多年，丝毫没有再变化。现在这些机器设备虽然快，虽然没有它不可行的东西，但是它由于快，玉的表面的那种感觉就开始有变化了。</span>[此贴子已经被作者于2006-12-10 22:09:34编辑过] <p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.5pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第八集</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫藏玉(2)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.5pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span> 那件来自新疆密勒塔山的巨型玉料到达紫禁城后，并没有结束它的行程，因为它的雕制不在这座宫殿里，而是在千里之外的扬州。当时宫廷里如果有大型玉件或雕玉繁忙时，会把玉料送到苏州扬州制作，那里是当时全国经济实力最强的地区，又有久远的玉作传统，因此成为最重要的制玉基地。直到现在，这些地方还以雕玉而闻名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 专家杨伯达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 那么乾隆这个年代，它的玉器高潮我觉得还表现在几个玉器的制造中心同时出现。比如苏州、扬州、南京、杭州。这在中国历史上，这样一个王朝，同时几个（玉器）制造中心，中心区同时出现、都是繁荣的，这在历史上是空前绝后的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 乾隆时期的扬州，雕工精巧达到极致，市场上曾经出现大量玲珑剔透的玉器，做工繁复。它们被当作贡品进贡给皇上，结果遭到乾隆皇帝的严厉批评，并下谕旨，禁止再镂雕这类玉器，因为容器镂空之后就没什么用处，即使不是容器，通体玲珑的话玉质的美也就完全消失了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这道谕旨很切中当时玉器制造的奢华风气。这件青玉六出戟有盖匜，是乾隆年间宫廷造办处的精品。它是依照乾隆的指示制造的一件返朴归真的器物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 当那块巨大的玉料经水路，用了三个月被运到扬州后，乾隆皇帝特为这块玉石写下一段文字，意思是：用这块巨大的珍宝来弘扬古代大禹治水的事迹，这不是仅仅满足感官享受的玩物可以比拟的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这件仿宋人名画的大禹治水图玉山在扬州经过六年才雕琢完成，于乾隆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">52</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">年运回北京，以后就一直安放在紫禁城的乐寿堂。让我们近距离观赏一下这件故宫的至宝：他高二二四公分（不包括同座），宽九十六公分，重约五千三百多公斤，玉上雕成峻岭叠嶂，瀑布急流，遍山古木苍松，洞穴深秘。在山崖峭壁上，成群结队的劳动者在开山治水。这件故宫的至宝从和田运到北京，再从北京往返扬州，到最后完成时，前后历经十年，耗费数十万人工，花费的银两无法计算。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 乾隆年间，是紫禁城宫廷玉器最繁荣昌盛的时期。这时期的玉雕大多体大厚重，造型整齐对称，创造了独有的皇家气派，造就了中国玉器工艺的又一个高峰。所以西方在十八到十九世纪，直接称清代玉器为“乾隆玉”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 乾隆皇帝酷爱玉器，现在故宫博物院的三万件玉器，多数为他所藏，乾隆为他的儿子后来的嘉庆皇帝起名叫颙琰，琰是美玉的名字；永琰的十六个兄弟也都以玉器的名字命名，乾隆自己则被后人称为玉痴。乾隆最爱的珍贵玉器，收藏在这种叫百什件的盒子里，（展示百什件）百什件共分为九层，每层有若干个抽屉，抽屉中的每件玉器都有它专用的小格子，格子形状与玉器完全吻合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这是“弘历鉴古图”。一个叫丁关鹏的宫廷画师，真实地记载下乾隆皇帝鉴赏古玉的情景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 上之所好，下必流行，当时藏玉赏玉在宫廷内外成为时尚，玉器也成为大臣们进贡的热门物品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1754</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">年，乾隆十九年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">12</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">29</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">日，和硕怡亲王弘晓的进单中有汉玉拱璧、文带、文玩；公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1791</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">年，乾隆五十六年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">4</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">29</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">日，和硕肃亲王的进单中有玉盒、玉洗、玉兽等。在中国第一历史档案馆，我们还查到了当年乾隆最宠信的大臣和绅给乾隆皇帝的贡品清单，上面列有玉佛、玉果盘、嵌玉香薰等等很多玉器，这是当年和绅的亲笔签名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 一天，乾隆皇帝正在把玩大臣们进贡的玉器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">突然一件玉盃引起了他的注意，只见此盃看上去颇有汉代的风貌，但用手抚摸却感觉混浊而不温润，见多识广的乾隆皇帝心里犯了嘀咕，便传唤雕玉世家出身的玉匠姚宗仁，结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">姚宗仁一看就脱口而出：“皇上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">这是小人的祖上所做</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">因为这是祖传的手艺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">因此看得出。”后来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">乾隆皇帝在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">御制玉盃记</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">中专门记述了这件事的经过，同时姚宗仁也被乾隆皇帝降旨，按作成假玉盃的时间扣除薪俸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">如一月做得罚他一月钱粮，如二月做得罚他二月钱粮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 玉器的鉴赏要靠经验和常识，但是，一些古玉器由于年代久远，当时的文献记载也不全面，使得一些器物本来的作用几乎无人知晓。因此，对玉器的鉴定，就是收藏大家也难免出错，有玉痴之称的乾隆皇帝也闹了一些笑话。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这种外方内圆中空的筒形玉器，乾隆非常喜爱，他经过研究，认为这是古人抬举重物时使用的一种辅助工具，并把它称为釭头。乾隆皇帝将自己的见解做成诗，命玉匠刻在玉器上，然后，这些筒形玉器有的放在御桌上做成了笔筒，还有的加上铜胆和盖子插花，以便乾隆随时把玩。然而，在他去世九十年后的光绪十五年，古玉学家吴大澂考证出乾隆所称的釭头其实应该叫做“玉琮”，是古代帝王祭拜大地时所用的礼器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 故宫博物院收藏的玉器按时代可划分为元代以前的古玉、明代玉器以及清代玉器三部分。在元代以前的玉器中，有当代考古发掘的精品及传世古玉中的珍品，其中包括了从新石器时代至元代各个历史时期的典型作品。在书画、陶瓷、青铜器、玉器等各种门类的中国古代文物中，以玉器的收藏历史最为久远。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这件玉兽形玦是紫禁城旧藏玉器中最古老的作品，它产生于新石器时代的红山文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 岁月的浸润使它的表面形成许多色斑，这是古玉独有的特征。这块玉玦表现的是一种神化了的动物，反映了古人的动物崇拜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这是一件战国时期的玉璧。据《周礼》记载，它是远古时人们用来祭天的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 玉器在古代多用作祭祀用具，人们认为玉石与大自然有着某种神秘的联系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 与金银、瓷器不同，玉器的制作更多依靠的是玉石本身的天然条件，玉器加工的最高境界不是破旧立新，而是因材施用，通过对玉料形状色彩的巧妙利用，达到人力与天工浑然一体的效果。这大概也蕴含了古人对人与自然关系的朴素理解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 清代的翡翠白菜和肉形石是玉器“巧做”的代表，翡翠白菜的玉料中白色部分雕成菜帮，翠绿色部分被雕成菜叶和叶上的昆虫，白色和绿色的过渡十分巧妙自然。而肉形石无论色彩还是纹理都可以乱真，人们似乎都能闻到红烧肉的香味。这两件作品现存于台北故宫博物院，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这块玉石从中心被取走了一件碗坯，苏州工匠利用余下的材料雕成了“桐荫仕女图”，这是一件表现江南庭园景色的作品，四周有茂密的蕉叶和玲珑的假山，玉料中间的凹陷处顺势雕成两扇半月形扉门，半掩半开的扉门内外各有一名少女，透过门缝相互窥望。乾隆皇帝曾经把这件巧夺天工的作品和春秋时的和氏璧相提并论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 无论是代表皇权的玉玺，还是寄托情趣和风雅的装饰品，这些精美的玉器世代流传。遗憾的是，创造这些艺术品的工匠和艺人，我们大都无法知道他们的名字。但在玉器界，有一个人的名字无人不晓，他就是明代雕玉大师陆子冈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 专家李博生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 值得提的就是他的所有大、小作品都有他的“子冈”落款。这就牵扯到了民间传流着很多他的逸事。皇帝有一次突发奇想，把他召到宫里来，子冈不许你落款，你给我做一个东西，结果陆子冈回去以后想来想去，听说是做了一匹马，（做了一匹马），果然没款，据说当时皇帝身边的大臣也在反复看这个东西，真没有款，皇帝想，还是听我的旨意了，结果他的宰相有一次再仔细看的时候，发现马耳朵里头刻着“子冈制”三个字，又不敢告诉皇帝，那怎么办呢，时间一长皇帝把玩，结果也发现了，发现以后呢，皇帝倒是高兴了，笑了，并没有惩罚陆子冈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 由于陆子冈技艺高超，从清初开始，仿制陆子冈的“子冈牌”开始在社会上流行起来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 专家李博生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这个子冈牌子前人没有，那就是说陆子冈创出来的这个形制，它是一个长方形，他的长方形是很讲究的，按现在来讲，应该是按黄金分割比例来的，很漂亮，它的边，框子，里边作出的活，起出来的活，还有底子的均匀平整，也是后人很难达到的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 流传至今的子刚作品很多都真假难辨。目前，故宫博物院所藏的子冈题款的玉器，款识字体也不尽相同。但无论是真品还是仿品，都可称得上艺术精品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 如今，子冈题款的玉器成为许多收藏家追捧的珍品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 除了陆子冈，历史上还有芝亭、朱永泰等宫廷雕玉的名家，他们是千千万万雕玉人的代表。正是他们为中华艺术宝库留下了永世的辉煌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 乾隆去世后，清朝的国力迅速衰落，因此对玉器的需求大大减少，玉器的制造开始走入低谷。这是乾隆的儿子嘉庆时期雕制的仿古碧玉出戟尊。这时的紫禁城内，每年从新疆运来的玉只有两千多斤，还不到乾隆时的五分之一。道光元年，皇上下旨和田、叶尔羌暂时停止进贡玉料。后来直到满清覆亡，玉料进贡再也没有恢复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 紫禁城的玉器收藏在清末又有了一次短暂的兴盛时期。这是由于当时的统治者慈禧非常喜爱玉器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这里是内廷西六宫中的长春宫，是慈禧当年居住的地方，在这里，到处可见慈禧珍爱的玉器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 国家内忧外患，并没有妨碍慈禧对奢华的需求，为了投她所好，王公大臣们四处搜罗奇珍异宝，慈禧用过的玉饰，把玩过的玉器，足能装满</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">3000</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">个檀香木箱。在日常生活中慈禧也离不开玉，饮茶用的是玉茶碗，用膳用的是玉筷、玉勺、玉碗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1900</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">年，八国联军入侵，慈禧逃离北京避难时，也没忘记带上她珍爱的玉器。慈禧最喜爱的是来自云南、缅甸的翡翠玉。慈禧的爱好影响了当时民间对翡翠的使用，佩戴翡翠的风尚也一直流行到今天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 如今，当年慈禧太后住过的宁寿宫被故宫博物院设置为珍宝馆。那些曾经是帝王们独享的玉器，在这里被来自世界各地的人们欣赏和品味。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 故宫博物院现藏玉器三万多件，这些珍宝凝结着大自然千年万载点滴孕育的精华，跨越了人世间从古到今纷繁变化的沧桑，它们像是生活在这座宫殿里的精灵，在这些古老的殿堂里散发着历久弥新的光芒。它们在岁月中积累，积累起一种文化精神的厚度；它们在静默中等待，等待着今人和后人在心灵的深处，细细倾听他们无言的诉说。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 字幕：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 故宫博物院现藏玉共计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">30311</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">件。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 藏品中清代作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">20000</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">多件，明代作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">5000</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">多件，明以前作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">4000</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">多件。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 这些珍品覆盖了自新石器时代起至清代末期约七千年的历史。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 目前都得到了妥善系统的保管和研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第九集</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">宫廷西洋风(1)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 又是一年的春节，紫禁城迎来一年一度的元旦朝贺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这幅《万国来朝图》展现的就是乾隆年间紫禁城朝贺的场景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 太和殿外，文武百官待命静候。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乾隆皇帝安闲地坐在后宫屋檐下，准备前往太和殿接见各国使臣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 据专家考证，这是在乾隆皇帝授意下，宫廷画家们歌功颂德的艺术创作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 但可以肯定的是，画面上俄罗斯使臣手捧西洋钟表这一场景是完全真实的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 此时，反映西方先进科学技术的钟表在乾隆朝的紫禁城里，已经成为最时髦的宠物。它既是计时器，又是装饰品，既是高档玩物，又是精美的艺术杰作。当时宫廷竭力搜罗、制作和收藏钟表，各种稀世钟表通过众多途径汇集到了皇宫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当今天的人们赞叹这些钟表的精巧华美的时候，大概不会想到，在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">400</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前，正是钟表，成为西方人进入紫禁城的第一块敲门砖。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 利玛窦是意大利传教士，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1601</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，也就是明朝万历二十九年，他成为第一个进入紫禁城的西方人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这一年，利玛窦来到明帝国的首都北京。他身穿儒服，头戴儒冠，俨然一副当时中国知识分子的打扮。这是利玛窦接近中国士大夫阶层，传播天主教义的一个策略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 十五、十六世纪，地理大发现和东西方航路的开辟，激起了欧洲天主教向东方传教的热情。十六世纪中叶开始，欧洲的传教士陆续进入中国。那时的中国是一个被儒学思想滋养了两千多年，具有高度成熟文明的国家，从官方到民间，人们的观念、心态、行为方式，很少不被纳入儒学框架，对于天主教，整个社会抱着排斥的心态。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 利玛窦从他的先驱者身上吸取了必要的经验，他颂扬中国文化的博大精深，又用西方的钟表、地图等先进科技产品吸引中国士大夫阶层的注意。事实证明，这一策略对他的事业大有好处，许多人慕名前来，与他讨论学术。其中就有一位中国科学史上著名的人物徐光启。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 利玛窦坚信，要想使中国人皈依天主教，就必须设法使中国的最高统治者——皇帝成为教徒，然后利用皇帝的权威去影响他的子民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 要实现向皇帝传教的理想，他必须要见到皇帝，而在当时，进献贡品几乎是洋人接近皇帝的惟一途径。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 此行之前，他献给万历皇帝的贡品共有四十多件，其中包括自鸣钟、十字架像、圣母像、八音琴，还有两个玻璃三棱镜。天津税监马堂关于利马窦进贡的奏章也早早地送达到万历皇帝面前。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 奏章似乎并没有引起万历皇帝的注意，倒是利玛窦的两架自鸣钟令皇帝立即沉迷其中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 万历皇帝召利玛窦立刻进宫调试钟表，好让他尽快听到报时的声音。利玛窦最终得以进入紫禁城，他与万历皇帝的接触有了一个良好的开端。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 《续文献通考》是清代大学士张廷玉等人撰写的一部百科全书。根据这本书的记载，大自鸣钟中午一点击打一下，两点击打两下，午夜十二点击打十二下，到中午十二点又打十二下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 而小钟每十五分钟击打一下，到整点时击打四下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在璀璨的钟壳内部，力量被齿轮机关传递和推动，过程隐蔽在背后，结果是声音与时间的神秘吻合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 万历皇帝传旨，把利玛窦留在京城，并允许他可以随时进宫调试钟表。利玛窦用三天的时间教会了太监们自鸣钟的机械原理，把钟调试好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 此时的万历皇帝已经很久不上朝了，所以利玛窦面见皇帝传教的事始终没有着落，惟一的收获是在一次大朝会上，和文武百官一起拜见了皇帝的宝座。万历皇帝念及利马窦献钟有功，允许利玛窦在北京的南城建立了一座教堂。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 历经四百年，那两架自鸣钟早已荡然无存了。位于北京行政学院的利玛窦墓却完好保存下来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1610</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，利玛窦在北京病逝，安葬在这里。因为钟表的缘故，这位西方传教士曾经进出皇宫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年整，却始终无缘一睹皇帝的真容。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1640</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，在紫禁城的仓库中，人们发现了一架尘封已久的钢琴，那是四十年前利玛窦送给万历皇帝的贡品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 四十年后，万历皇帝的孙子崇祯皇帝再一次得到了这架钢琴。此时他正面临内忧外患，也许是为了排解宫中的孤寂，也许是好奇心驱使，崇祯皇帝想听一听来自西方的音乐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1623</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年进宫的德国传教士汤若望受命修理钢琴，他马上做出银质的琴弦，将琴修整一新。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 为了让崇祯皇帝在欣赏音乐的同时了解天主教的教义，汤若望翻译了圣经中的十篇赞美诗，并亲自谱曲进献给皇帝。同年十一月，汤若望甚至大胆上书，劝化崇祯皇帝皈依天主教。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这就是劝皇帝皈依天主教的德国人汤若望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1629</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，那位与利玛窦经常一起探讨学术问题的青年人徐光启已成长为明代的大科学家，他信奉天主教并升任礼部侍郎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 同年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">21 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日发生了日食</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">钦天监官员用传统方法推算失误，而徐光启用西方天文学方法推算的时间却与实测完全吻合。于是崇祯皇帝下令设立“历局”，由徐光启领导，启用西方传教士修撰新历。开启了西方传教士在中国参与修历的先河。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 从此，西方天文历法的书籍开始得到系统的翻译，到明末完成了长达一百三十多卷的《崇祯历书》。只是还没有等到这部历书正式颁布下去，明朝政权便在李自成起义的呐喊声中灭亡了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在中国历史上，一向认为天象与王朝的兴亡密切相关。这一点在王朝更替时期体现得更为明显。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1644</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年明朝灭亡，清朝建立。汤若望巧妙的抓住时机，把《崇祯历书》改名为《依西洋新法历书》，奉献给新王朝的摄政王多尔衮。多尔衮接受了这部历法，把它改称为《时宪历》颁行天下，这部历法一直沿用到清朝末年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这份揭帖是当年汤若望向顺治皇帝上奏天象的奏折。汤若望不仅巧妙的说服了新的当权者采用西洋历法，还提出制造新的天文仪器来测算天象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫馆藏的“新法地平式日晷仪”是汤若望在顺治元年制造的，使用时，凭指南针定南北，通过晷针投在晷面上的日影位置，就可以得到时刻及当日所处的节气。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是清代初期清宫造办处制作的绿漆木质描金花望远镜。当年汤若望为了留在北京，曾经以望远镜为礼物进献给摄政王多尔衮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这件天体仪则是清宫所藏的最早的天文仪器之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 传教士汤若望因此顺利实现了与新政权的合作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 多尔衮死后，顺治皇帝亲政。他虽然信仰佛教，却与汤若望保持着良好的关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1662</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，二十四岁的顺治因得天花去世，临死之前他立康熙为皇位继承人，汤若望的建议曾经起了重要的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那段时间政治权力的争夺非常激烈，由于康熙皇帝年幼，实际掌权的是以鳌拜为首的辅政大臣。围绕权力展开的斗争无处不在，当时担任钦天监监正的汤若望也被卷了进来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在鳌拜的支持下，钦天监里不满西洋历法的官员诬告汤若望图谋不轨。汤若望被关进了监狱。不过，在康熙皇帝的干预下，汤若望侥幸逃脱了死刑，但由于年老体弱，不久就含冤去世。康熙亲政后，汤若望被平反，安葬在利玛窦墓旁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 时间追溯到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1669</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，午门。正午的阳光刺眼而肃杀，这里正准备上演一场生死对决。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 比利时传教士南怀仁是这次对决的关键人物。他曾经是汤若望的助手。对决的另一方是螯拜支持的钦天监。事情的起因是钦天监按传统方法推算历法出现错误，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">15</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的康熙意识到，这是打击螯拜的一次好机会。康熙下令钦天监官员和南怀仁一起到午门广场，用不同的方法测算正午时间日影的长度，结果南怀仁的计算准确无误，传统历法再次测算失误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 南怀仁帮助康熙在和螯拜的较量中取得了重要的胜利，此后他开始全面负责钦天监事务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是北京观象台下的历局遗址，当年汤若望、南怀仁等人就是在这里主持天文历法工作的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 南怀仁上任不久，就制造了六架天文观测仪器。这些精密的仪器至今依然矗立在古观象台上，成为今天北京一道独特的风景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 您现在听到的，是当年一位叫德理格的意大利传教士专门为康熙皇帝谱写的奏鸣曲。我们找到了这些奏鸣曲的遗稿，并试图用它还原当年康熙皇帝学习和欣赏西洋音乐的情景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 根据史书记载，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1670</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，康熙命令京城会使用乐器的传教士演奏西洋音乐。这支临时拼凑起来的乐队，由于没有经过训练，配合起来很不协调，被康熙撵了回去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 可是这已经勾起了康熙对西洋音乐的兴趣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 没过几天，同样是这支乐队又受康熙之命在宫中演出。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这次合奏长达四个小时之久，有时康熙听得高兴，便会亲自加入演奏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 一位在宫中任职的意大利神父马国贤在他的回忆录中说，康熙皇帝很想成为一个数学家和音乐家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">虽然他在这两方面没有很深的造诣，但的确非常喜欢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这就是为康熙皇帝谱写奏鸣曲的德理格。他指导编撰了乐理专著《律吕正义》。他的奏鸣曲是传入中国最早的欧洲音乐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 康熙皇帝很欣赏德理格的音乐才能，曾多次试听他的演奏，派了不少学生向他学习，其中包括两位皇子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 对学习的渴望贯穿了康熙皇帝的一生。他对西方科学抱有极大的热忱。康熙对数理化的兴趣，来自于幼年经历的那场“历法之争”，多年之后他对臣下谈到：“朕思己不能知，焉能断人之是非，因自愤而学焉。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 他受当时欧洲国家建立科学社团风潮的影响，在皇宫里也设立了类似的机构，叫做“蒙养斋算学馆”，目的是培养高级数理人才。</span> <p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第九集</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">宫廷西洋风(2)</span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span> 1688</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，即康熙二十七年，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">28</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，白晋、张诚等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">位法国科学家在乾清宫受到康熙皇帝的召见，他们献上了从法国带来的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">件科学仪器和书籍作为见面礼。这些非同寻常的礼品，令康熙非常高兴，当即决定让他们入宫，担任自己的科学顾问。从此开始了外国科学家在清朝宫廷从事科学活动长达数十年的局面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这件地平经纬赤道公晷仪是十八世纪从英国进入紫禁城的，它不仅可以测量时间，还可以测量太阳距离地平面的高度，因此在航海中应用比较多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 测分时赤道公晷仪则不仅可以测时，还可以精确到每一分。它和后面我们要展示的铜镀金测时圭表合璧仪同样来自英国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 南怀仁从康熙八年起主持钦天监事务，同时他也成为康熙皇帝的数学、天文、力学方面的启蒙老师。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 白晋等人入宫以后，与康熙相处很融洽，工作也很顺利。他在《中国皇帝康熙传》中有过这样的描述：康熙带着极大的兴趣学习西方科学，每天都要花几个小时同我们在一起，白天和晚上还要用更多的时间自学。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这台手摇计算机是康熙年间御制的，比世界同类型机器的出现只晚了几十年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这本对数表是康熙皇帝当年学习数学时用的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 康熙本人对科技的兴趣，极大的促进了当时科技的发展。他组织人员开展了一系列的科技工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这件银镀金简平地平合璧仪是康熙在学习天文算学中近距离实测的专用之物，出自清宫造办处之手。这件半圆地平日晷也是康熙年间清宫造办处制造的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是清朝时期宫廷中所用的一套银质制药工具。康熙皇帝对医学也很有研究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">40</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁那年，康熙得了疟疾，当时的中医大夫束手无策；服用了传教士敬献的金鸡纳霜，也就是奎宁以后，他的病好了。从此他对西洋医学发生兴趣，在宫中设立实验室，试制药品，并亲临观察。为了了解人体解剖学的知识，他甚至命令将一只冬眠的熊进行解剖，康熙本人亲自参加了实验。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 现在我们看到的是康熙年间用于地理测量的科学仪器，据白晋在《中国皇帝康熙传》中的记载，康熙有时自己定位调整各种仪器，精确地计算。然后他再让别人测量距离。当看到自己计算的结果和别人测量的数据相符合时，便十分高兴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是《皇舆全览图》的广东行省部分。它是由康熙亲自主持、经实地勘测，并利用大地三角测量等先进科学技术测绘完成的，是中国第一个标有精确经纬度的全国地图。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这就是当年测绘地图时所用的仪器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 十七世纪末，十八世纪初，欧洲各国的全国性测量或尚未起步，或刚刚开始，而中国率先成此大业，在世界上也是规模空前的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 从康熙四十六年开始，到康熙五十七年汇编成集，在中西方工作人员的共同努力下，康熙用十余年的时间，完成了广阔疆土的绘制，同时也使国家安定统一，开启了中国历史上的又一个盛世。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2005</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年的午门。太阳王路易十四——凡尔赛珍品特展开幕。这是对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月在法国凡尔赛宫举办的“康熙大帝展”的回应。当时他们彼此都渴望了解对方，了解世界。如今他们以这种方式相会了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 路易十四在写给康熙的信中称康熙为最高贵、最卓越、最强大、最高尚的帝王，而把自己的名字上冠以“深切的、热爱的、诚挚朋友”等字样。这是当年法国人想像中的康熙皇帝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那段时期，中西文化交流是频繁而热烈的，康熙还在自己的造办处里建立起绘画、雕刻以及制作时钟、珐琅彩的作坊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这幅《桐荫仕女图》屏风是现存最早的中国油画作品之一，它是当时的宫廷画家向西方传教士学习油画技法后的创作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 同一时期在欧洲出现了一股“中国文化热”，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">法国的伏尔泰、德国的莱布尼兹等西方启蒙思想家从中国的传统文化中找到了同中世纪神学思想作斗争的精神武器，莱布尼兹还从易经中找到了现代计算机的发明原理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 整个十八世纪，西方各主要艺术的方方面面，都受到中国艺术强烈的、生动形象的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当时欧洲的贵族阶层还流行在庄园里引进中国式的装修风格，他们的墙壁上描绘着中国人的生活场景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 中西方文化交流在乾隆朝达到了又一个高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是乾隆年间绘制的《圆明园画册》。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">十八世纪初，在营造圆明园的时候，乾隆皇帝特地命法国传教士蒋友仁在这里开辟了这组西洋建筑。它们成为中西方在园林文化交流方面的载体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 倦勤斋地处紫禁城宁寿宫花园北端幽静的一角，是乾隆皇帝为自己归政后做太上皇专门修建的。斋内有着精美的室内装饰和家具。它运用通景画和天顶画将西洋的透视技巧和中国的绘画装潢技术巧妙融和在一起，成为乾隆时期这座宫殿吸收西洋文化的历史见证。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 别具异国风味的西洋建筑不仅为乾隆皇帝所欣赏，也成为王公大臣们竞相效仿的时尚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在清人画的几幅祝寿图中，我们不难发现临街搭建的西洋建筑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 传教士们来到中国，他们带着西方的科学、艺术觐见中国的皇帝。后来，传教的初衷渐渐被中国人忽略，反而是他们带来的那些文化对中国产生了广泛的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1714</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，一艘抵达广州的贸易船上搭载了七名传教士，当地政府奏报康熙皇帝，皇帝命有科技才能的传教士留下进京，其他人返回。这留下的人中，就有一位画家郎世宁。这就是当年广东巡抚报告郎世宁等人到达的奏折，只不过当时把名字记错了。奏折上有康熙皇帝的亲笔批示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 不久郎世宁奉旨前往北京，觐见康熙皇帝。康熙得见他的绘画才能，十分欣赏，便命他学习中国画，并不时入宫作画。这一画，就是五十年，期间经历了康、雍、乾三朝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是郎世宁为雍正皇帝画的西装像。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 雍正以后，郎世宁得到了进一步的重用，他不断调整西方油画技巧，主动迎合中国皇帝的审美要求和中国传统的美学观念，利用中国的纸、绢、墨、笔、颜色，试尝中西合璧的新体绘画的创作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乾隆曾在郎氏早期画的他和雍正帝的肖像画中题到：“写真世宁擅，绘我少年时。入室幡然者，不知此是谁。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当然，那些宫廷洋画家的创作并不是无限自由的。郎世宁的画几乎都是由乾隆钦定主题，在定稿之前要先把草稿送乾隆审查，批准后再正式绘制。而这些绘画的主题大都是反映乾隆皇帝在文治武功方面的功绩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乾隆二十年至二十六年间，两次平定准噶尔部叛乱的战役，对于维护国家稳定起到重要作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 为了纪念平叛的胜利，乾隆让宫廷中的西洋画家创作了大型历史纪实组画《平定西域战图册》。并决定将它送往欧洲制作成铜版画。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 从乾隆二十七年起，十六幅画稿分批运抵法国，由法国七位雕版名手分别制作。雕版印制工作共进行了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年之久。到乾隆三十八年，两百张印成的画，连同原图稿及铜版原版，才全部运回中国，历时十一年。当看到画作成品时，乾隆皇帝相当满意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这幅《皇清职贡图卷》也是按照乾隆的旨意绘制的。在画中，可以看到当时与清朝交往密切的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">27</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">个国家的人物形象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">9</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月，故宫钟表馆改陈，将馆址从保和东庑回迁至修葺一新的奉先殿。奉先殿原为宫内皇帝的家庙，是清朝历代帝王供奉祭祀祖先的地方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这里陈列着近二百件造型精美、做工考究的清代宫廷钟表，制作年代从十八世纪至二十世纪初。这些钟表不仅反映了这两百年间世界钟表发展的历史，也体现了当时钟表制造业的最高水平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 我国在明朝末年就已经开始制作机械钟。到了清朝康熙年间，钟表制造业逐渐兴盛。不仅宫里增加了制作和修理钟表的自鸣钟处，广州、福州以及长江中下游的南京、苏州、扬州等地也逐渐兴起了机械钟表制造业。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 您现在看到的这些钟表都是乾隆年间的清宫造办处制造的。紫禁城内整日有一批人从事当时科技含量极高的钟表生产，不能不说是一个奇观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 广州是清朝唯一的对外开放口岸，同时也是当时民间机械钟表的制造中心。广州钟表多做成葫芦等具有吉祥意义的器物形状，或者以文字形式表达祝愿，装饰上多用色彩鲜艳的珐琅，具有浓郁的民族和地方特色。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 清朝中期，宫内天文数学等科技仪器减少，精美绝伦的机械钟表、玩具大量出现。其直接原因是乾隆皇帝个人爱好的推动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 康熙时期，宫廷仅生产单一实用性钟表，而乾隆时期，钟表的观赏性能被大为强化，钟表开始集走时、报时、音乐、活动景观等多功能于一体，甚至外国进献的钟表也要迎合乾隆的口味。这些钟表配有悦耳的音乐，采用齿轮联动的机械构造，装饰着人、禽、兽等形象，能够定时表演，出现了转花、鸟鸣、水流等众多景观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是故宫最大的玩具钟表——铜镀金写字人钟，高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">231</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">厘米。之所以取名写字人钟，是因为钟的底座上安放着一个西洋模样的机器人。上弦后，机器人开始提笔书写“八方向化，九土来王”八个汉字，横、竖、撇、捺都有笔锋，机器人的脑袋也随着左右摆动。据记载，西洋人写毛笔字是根据乾隆皇帝的创意改造而成的。这座写字人钟是乾隆皇帝的心爱之物，在他退居太上皇之后，曾命人把写字人钟搬到自己养老的宁寿宫中，准备随时欣赏把玩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “象拉战车钟”反映的是英国军队开赴战场的情景。大象的鼻子、尾巴、眼睛都可以动。花样如此繁多，几乎让人忘了这是用于计时的钟表。更为奇特的是，战车的轮子居然可以滚滚前行！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 十八世纪的欧洲是科学技术大发展的时期，机械制造业十分活跃，特别是英国，其钟表制造水平已居欧洲首位。乾隆凭借大清朝一百多年积累起来的财富，经广州海关购进大量英国钟表，一时间，英国钟表不仅充斥于宫内各个殿堂。也成了皇亲国戚、王公大臣的新宠。对此，身为宗室的昭槤十分感慨：“近日泰西氏所造自鸣钟钟表，制造奇邪，来自粤东，士大夫争购，家置一座，以为玩具。”显然，由于贸易手段，中西交流的渠道较清初大为拓宽了，欧洲科技进入中国似乎具备了更好的条件，但结果却适得其反。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 从康熙开始，皇帝的个人爱好，促进了西洋物品向中国宫廷的流通。但是，这些西方科学和艺术成果的结晶更多的是被当成享用的玩物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 西洋钟表虽然陆续出现在宫殿的各个角落，但是他们的表针并没有使这个王朝与西方前进的节奏对接。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 如今这些精美依旧却已容颜老去的钟表，静静陈列在昔日的奉先殿里，和这里曾经供奉的那些清代祖先一样，引发着人们无限的叹息与感慨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 字幕：内</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">?</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">普里提小提琴协奏曲，意大利传教士德理格专门为康熙皇帝谱写的奏鸣曲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">300</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年后的今天，这首进入中国最早的欧洲音乐作品又一次在紫禁城奏响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 清朝晚期，电灯、电话这些代表现代文明的科技成果陆续出现在紫禁城里，甚至西方的餐饮及娱乐方式也被引入宫中，丰富着皇帝的生活。然而，就像之前他们对待钟表的态度一样，这座宫殿里的主人已经习惯了把文明的成果当成享乐的工具，而此时，西洋列强已经凭借这些器物背后所蕴涵的惊人力量造出坚船利炮打破了中国的大门。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 紫禁城，曾一度成为西洋贡品的展示厅和先进科技的牢笼。它垄断了能工巧匠的创造力，他们创造的器物，无论多么巧夺天工，都被捆上华丽的镣铐，无法逾越这一道道深红的宫墙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 今天，当进入中国最早的西洋乐曲在紫禁城再次奏响的时候，交流与发展已经成为这个时代最流行的旋律。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 追寻找发生在这里的历史，以及历史中的那些人物和故事，几百年成败兴衰的命运之谜，似乎已经有了答案</span></p> 辛苦了! <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第十集</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">从皇宫到博物院(1)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1925</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">这一天，有三千多位重要的人物聚集到了紫禁城的乾清门广场；这一天，有超过两万多的普通老百姓来到了这里；这一天，神武门的门洞上悬挂上了一块匾额：故宫博物院；这一天，在这里举行了故宫博物院的开幕大典。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">从紫禁城到故宫，这个名称的改变，意味着从今天开始，这里再也不是皇宫，而成为了一座博物院。数百年来的禁地正式对外开放，千千万万的普通民众从此可以亲身走进昔日神秘的皇家宫殿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院原副院长杨新：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 原来啊，戒备森严，那个老百姓连个城墙边都不能挨，现在能够打开进去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院研究员徐启宪：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 只要有条件，我得砸锅卖铁我得买一张票去看去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院副研究馆员罗随祖：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当时有人说我这一生能够有机会踏进故宫我就满足了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 北京居民刘曾富</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 93</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 我就瞧见那个钟，各种的钟，还有瞧见什么呢，他们瞧的瓷器我就不懂了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 清室善后委员会顾问之一吴瀛长女吴珊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 91</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 成立以后，我就记得那时候去参观是礼拜几是哪一路哪一路。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 多数人参观故宫是因为皇室宫廷生活的神秘，来看看热闹。也有一些人为了能亲眼看到皇家的书画藏品，专门来看门道的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 著名书法家启功</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 93</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 第一，是有老师教导说这个东西是真的是假的，是好的是坏的，那么这样呢，这三天里头那收获，收获大了，但是旁边的人看呢，随便看着玩儿那另说，我们有意来学画儿那是天上飞下来的宝贝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是一段历史的结束，也是一段历史的开始。在这个必然的过程中，无论是有心还是无意，无论是主动还是被动，总有一些人注定要在历史上留下自己的印迹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这段关于故宫最早的影像是一个叫克林顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">西蒙斯的美国人在公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1903</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年拍下的，五年之后爱新觉罗·溥仪在这里登上了龙椅，又过了三年，辛亥革命爆发。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 1912</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，溥仪在养心殿的东暖阁看见隆裕太后坐在炕上擦眼睛，面前跪着一个老臣满脸泪痕。溥仪不知道那个老臣就是袁世凯，就是不远的将来也当了几天皇帝的人，他向隆裕太后直接提出了退位的请求。一个多月后，隆裕太后在养心殿颁布了退位诏书。年仅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的溥仪糊里糊涂地做了三年皇帝之后，又糊里糊涂地退了位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这些紫禁城的老照片拍摄于溥仪退位前后的那段时期。作为和平退位的交换，他们和当时的民国政府签订了《清室优待条件》，这个条件主要是允许退位皇室居住紫禁城后宫，保留皇帝的尊号不变；每年政府给他们四百万元生活费。就这样，末代皇帝溥仪从一个王朝的统治者成为这个小朝廷的主人。这就是清室退位后隆裕太后向各部下发的诏书原件。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 以末代皇帝溥仪为首的逊清皇室，被准许居住在紫禁城内廷。当时的紫禁城以这乾清门为界线，被分成了两个部分，乾清门以南归民国政府所有，乾清门以北，也就是原来的后宫部分由退位皇室居住。一座宫殿内，并存着两个朝代，这是几百年来，紫禁城空前绝后的特殊时期。它使得民国时代的北京城里出现了“国中之国”的怪现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 末代皇后婉容的亲弟弟郭布罗·润麒：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那会儿溥仪还小呢</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">十七八岁，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">他岁数还小，还是愿意跟小孩儿一块玩儿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 郭布罗润麒，末代皇后婉容的亲弟弟。这位老人至今清楚地记得他进宫后和比他大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的溥仪玩耍的情景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 末代皇后婉容的亲弟弟郭布罗·润麒：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在家里我就学会了骑自行车。后来我就带到溥仪那，溥仪就买了很多自行车，大家都学，连婉容也学，有相片，婉容也会骑了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这就是溥仪当年为了骑自行车锯掉的门槛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院研究员徐启宪：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 溥仪的话呢，他生活在这种只能在宫里这样一个小天地生活来说，对他来说是个很苦恼的事情，他不能出去啊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 晚清史研究学者《末代皇帝的后半生》作者贾英华：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在这个溥仪后半生的时候他曾经讲过一句话，他说我这一生啊就是高墙，在宫内，一生下来是王府，三岁就进宫当皇帝，一眼看到的就是高墙，什么，紫禁城的高墙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 不能离开紫禁城一步的溥仪向往着自由。高高的宫墙已经隔不断与外界的联系。我们从中国第一历史档案馆找到了当年溥仪在宫中订阅的报纸，这些报纸刊物不知给溥仪带来多少潜移默化的改变。也许是英国教师庄士敦的缘故，溥仪受到了各种西方生活方式的影响，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">溥仪在他的自传《我的前半生》中写道：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">自从我的英文教师庄士敦入宫以来，我在大家的眼里成了最不好应付的皇帝。我剪下了辫子，因为庄士敦说中国人的辫子像猪尾巴，急得太妃大臣们捶胸顿足；</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">当师傅们一起劝阻说，若安上电话，什么人都可以跟皇上说话了，这可是祖制向来没有的事情的时候，我还是吵闹着在养心殿的东暖阁，安上了电话。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 晚清史研究学者《末代皇帝的后半生》作者贾英华：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 有了电话，他觉着笼中的小鸟有了跟外界沟通的机会了，那就四处打电话。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 中国社科院近代史研究员杨天石：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 拨到什么，一拨呢就拨到胡适那去了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 晚清史研究学者《末代皇帝的后半生》作者贾英华：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 他给胡适打电话的时候呢给胡适吓了一跳，他也不说自己是谁，说，你是胡适吗？胡适说是啊，说这个这个你是谁，我是谁说那你猜猜，他说那猜不着，然后呢溥仪哈哈就一笑，我告诉你，我是宣统。</span> <p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">第十集 从皇宫到博物院(2)</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 1916</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，袁世凯自立为帝，坐上了太和殿的宝座，并下令把外朝三大殿匾额上的满文抠了下来。清皇室惶恐不安，准备让出皇宫迁居颐和园，身为清朝旧臣的袁世凯为了安抚他们，保证“清室优待条件”永不变更。于是，在短暂的八十三天里，两个皇帝共有一个皇宫，相安无事。仅仅一年之后的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1917</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，张勋复辟，溥仪在乾清宫被拥立当了十二天的皇帝，又匆匆下台。在政权交替中，人们忙不迭地更换着各种旗子，很多百姓的家里干脆同时备好了共和旗、龙旗以应付随时的变动。与此同时，民主和科学的进步思想已经广泛地传播开来。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">一场更为深刻和巨大的变革正在二十世纪初的中国发生着。外界的风吹草动在紫禁城内掀起了不小的波澜，溥仪知道，《清室优待条件》以及袁世凯的承诺已经不能依靠，清廷享有的优惠待遇早晚有结束的一天。而这一天越来越近了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 为了给自己出宫后的生活留后路，溥仪开始以赏赐的名义让弟弟溥杰把宫里的藏品慢慢带出宫去。溥仪如此，宫里人也早已人心惶惶，每个人都在为自己的前程和日后的生计打算。这时，英文教师庄士敦告诉溥仪，在北京地安门内的烟袋斜街新开了许多古玩铺，一打听，这些古玩铺的老板都是宫里的太监，溥仪感到了事情的严重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院原馆员傅连仲：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 所以这么一来呢，溥仪有点那什么，这个东西不对啊，宫里的太监上那当那个古玩铺的那什么去，那么这些东西由哪儿来，还不都是宫里的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 紫禁城当时藏宝最多的地方是建福宫。溥仪说他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">16</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁那年，有一天出于好奇，叫太监打开了一座库房。他看见满屋都是堆到天花板的大箱子，随便打开一个，全是手卷书画和非常精巧的玉器。这都是乾隆皇帝最喜爱的珍玩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 溥仪对当时紫禁城做了这样的描述：紫禁城表面上平静，里面的秩序却是糟糕一团，我究竟有多少财宝呢？这些东西没有数目，这就给偷盗者大开了方便之门。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院原副院长杨新：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 所以溥仪他自己也感觉到这个问题了，所以他当时就下令，就是要清查宫里的藏品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院原馆员傅连仲：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 还没等他检查呢，他放出这个风来，出来这个事儿以后还没等他点查呢就着火了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 据说火警是东交民巷的意大利公使馆消防队发现的，救火车开到紫禁城叫门的时候，守门的还不知怎么回事。结果建福宫一带烧成了焦土。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">究竟在这一把火里毁掉了多少东西，至今还是个谜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 故宫博物院常务副院长李季：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 当然建福宫事件只是一个导火索，但是肯定是这件事情对于当时溥仪朝廷是非常不利的，应该是激起了全国的公愤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 我们今天依然能从溥仪生活原貌展览当中看到他们当年在宫里的生活情形。从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1912</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1924</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，逊清皇室在紫禁城里一住就是十三年，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">至于《清室优待条件》中提到的日后迁居的事，自民国成立以来的历任总统都没能实现。历史最终把这样的机遇给了冯玉祥将军。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1924</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年冬天，紫禁城内廷忽然走来三十多个士兵、警察，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">为首的三人是新任京畿卫戍总司令鹿钟麟、京师警察厅总监张壁和国民代表李石增。他们见到了内务府总管大臣绍英等人，就拿出了修正清室优待条件，并责令逊帝立即出宫。这时的溥仪正在储秀宫和婉容吃苹果。突如其来的变故让他们惊惶失措。他们恳求着，希望能宽限一</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">个月、十天哪怕三日再搬也行。几次交涉过后，鹿钟麟以如再拖延景山上就开炮相威胁，溥仪等人只好匆匆离开了储秀宫。从此，皇室也永远告别了紫禁城。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这两张照片是当年溥仪和太监宫女们出宫时拍下的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 第二天，鹿钟麟、李煜瀛等一行人，来到了存放御玺的交泰殿，他们首先要查收象征皇权的印玺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 在文物工作者的帮助下，我们用真实的御玺再现了当时点查的情景。那些曾经至高无上的御玺高高地分列在宝座两旁，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">人们按单子一一验证，一共点交了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">23</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">颗御玺。这些御玺今天依然完好地保存在故宫博物院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 帝制到此，总算彻底落下帷幕。北京城里到处响起了鞭炮声。当年仅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁，已身为演员的宋保罗还记得为冯玉祥将军的庆功堂会做表演的情景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 京剧演员宋保罗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 89</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 就是庆功会，那个，大概有几万部队呢，都在看戏，黑压压的一片，那时候，冯玉祥嘛穿一个灰色布的棉裤棉袄，还有他的爱人李德全给了我两块大洋，冯玉祥嘛抓了一把花生给我，大家都很开心的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 皇帝走了，皇宫依旧，可是皇宫里究竟什么样，没有人知道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1924</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，清室善后委员会正式成立。委员长是李煜瀛，李煜瀛是晚清重臣李鸿藻之子，在驱逐溥仪出宫时被推举为国民代表。同时聘请了蔡元培、陈垣、沈兼士、鹿钟麟、张壁、俞同奎等社会文化名流担任委员。委员会的职责是办理清宫公产私产的认定及一切善后事宜。中国历史上历代王朝都有收藏文物的传统。一个王朝灭亡后，新的王朝则取其收藏为本朝所有。所以清室善后会认为清宫中历代宫廷传世之宝，都应复归于民，属于为民国政府所有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 吴瀛，在溥仪出宫那年三十三岁。时为北洋政府内务部警政司第三科科长，同时兼着北京市政府坐办，主要责任是对逊帝溥仪和清宫事务的监管。溥仪出宫后，受清室善后会委员易培基的聘请做了故宫的顾问。吴瀛的大女儿说，无论是他的父亲还是易培基对故宫的热情都是出于对中国传统典章文物的喜爱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 清室善后委员会顾问之一吴瀛长女吴珊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 91</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 都喜欢玩儿古董，所以他来北京就去逛琉璃厂，他们就一块去买这些看这些，每个礼拜我知道又上琉璃厂去了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 就在清室善委会准备点查的时候，时局又发生了变动。奉系张作霖率部入京，段祺瑞就任临时执政。冯玉祥辞职。第二天逊清皇室人员立即出来声明“所有清室修正优待条件，不能认为有效”。溥仪本人更是登报声明出宫时的签字是因为受到强迫。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">善委会原定在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">22</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日进行的点查预备会被迫停止。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 溥仪的弟弟溥任</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 87</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 我父亲劝他别闹，说没有好结果他不爱听。溥仪老做梦，其实那都是瞎想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 紫禁城出版社副社长章宏伟：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 他们呢就为了，就是说第一他们想再争取回到宫里来，这个是他们的第一个希望，那么第二个希望呢，即使回不到宫里来，也希望能把东西拿走，哪怕拿走一些。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 中国社科院近代史研究员章伯锋：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这个事情嘛，在段祺瑞那得到支持，段祺瑞当时命令内政部和警察厅。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 紫禁城出版社副社长章宏伟：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 不准清室善后委员会点查清宫的物品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这时，一位叫庄蕴宽的人挺身而出，当年袁世凯称帝时，全国六十位议员有五十九位支持，唯有他一人冒死反对，从而获得极高的社会声望。后来，被民国政府委任为民国审计院长，同时参与了善后会的工作。庄蕴宽在段祺瑞面前力保了清室善后委员会和易培基等人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 清室善后委员会顾问之一吴瀛之孙吴欢：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 段祺瑞这么个情况下呢，批准了这个呈文，批准了呈文了就在法律上等于确立了清室善后委员会的存在，这样李石曾这些人就合理合法的带着一批北大系的学者，进入了故宫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">第十集 从皇宫到博物院(3)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 就在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1924</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">11</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">24</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">日这一天，善后会在李煜瀛的带领下开始了正式的点查。他们首先从乾清宫开始。为了更直观地展现当时点查的情景，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">2005</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">4</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月，我们在原地进行了再现。按当时的规定，每一个宫殿的物品按千字文次序，编一个字，然后依次编号。乾清宫是第一个开始点查的，编成了“天”字。他们首先看到的是一个木踏凳子，就把它记录下来，列为天字第一号文物，这件事被传为了笑谈。他们中的大部分人是第一次走进宫殿，感到既新鲜又好奇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 这天的点查工作被人用这几张照片纪录了下来，人群中有一位来自北大历史系的学生，年仅十九岁的单士元。三十二年后他成为了故宫博物院副院长。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 单士元之女单嘉筠：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 正好呢有个摄影委员也在那儿，就说那个单士元给你拍个照吧，说穿那个马褂拍个照吧，他自己还曾经写过，呆若木鸡，好像个老学究似的，不可看也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 当时对来故宫参加点查的工作人员，有着非常严格的要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 单士元之女单嘉筠：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 它首先要有两个坎儿，就两个标准，一个标准呢就是说铺保。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 故宫博物院原馆员傅连仲：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 你要进故宫那门儿，三家铺保。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 单士元之女单嘉筠：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 一旦发生了盗窃发生了不轨行为，你要承担责任，你要替他去还钱，一个呢就人保。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 故宫博物院原馆员傅连仲：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 保证你那什么呢没事儿，最大的一个就是你不能偷盗，一草一木都不能往外拿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 当时在宫里把点查叫“出组”，工作完毕叫“退组”。出组时大家要一起在一个地方工作，不得单独行动。点查初期正是隆冬季节，宫内又不能生火，为预防发生偷盗的事情，他们用带子扎紧袖口，使两手在寒风中根本无处可藏。有时点查两足站地，一站就是三四个小时。墨盒里的墨，毛笔的笔尖经常被冻成冰块。清点工作就是在这样恶劣的条件下紧张有序地进行着。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 故宫博物院副院长李文儒：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 他们那些人的那种文化使命感和保护文化遗产的这种责任感，现在真的回想起来，他们可能比我们更强烈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 善后委员会在毫无经验可循的前提下制定出一系列严格的制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">. </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">每一次点查的名单上都印着组长和成员的姓名。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这些具体的工作包括查报物品、登记、贴票、事务记载。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">每次出组完毕后，要贴封条上锁。这封条上的四个部门是国务院、警卫司令部、清室内务府、善后委员会，当时还要求工作人员退组时留下自己的影像，以备日后的查档。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 经初步清点，清代宫廷遗留下的文物有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">117</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">万多件。故宫连同宫中的珍宝究竟该往何处去？这个问题成为社会上下关注的焦点。善后会依照国际惯例上对皇室宫殿处理的办法，应该对公众开放，当时一些有识之士也认为故宫应建立博物院。而最早提出这个动议的就是北大校长蔡元培。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1925</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">7</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">31</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">日，善后会在清点养心殿卧室的时候有一个重大发现，那是溥仪和清宫遗老旧臣金梁、康有为密谋复辟的文件，这些文件的查获，使人们进一步认识到，驱逐溥仪出宫是正确的。自溥仪出宫住进了醇亲王府，二十几天后就躲进了日本公使馆，第二年到了天津日租界，继续进行他的复辟活动。回到紫禁城几乎成为他生活中最重要的梦想。鉴于当时的紧迫形势，善后会认为，应该迅速成立故宫博物院。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 文化部副部长兼故宫博物院院长郑欣淼：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1925</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">9</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月份呢，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">9</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月底他们就开过一次会就说是形势相当紧急，必须成立博物院，博物院一成立呢这就是彻底杜绝了溥仪这一伙复辟的念头了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1925</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年的初秋时节，在故宫博物院成立的日子正式确定下来的前几天，清室善后委员会委员长、故宫博物院理事长李煜瀛先生用大抓笔书写了“故宫博物院”五个气势磅礴的大字。就像本片开篇向大家展示的那样，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1925</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">10</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">10</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">日，距今整整</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">80</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年的这一天，</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">故宫博物院成立了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 文化部副部长兼故宫博物院院长郑欣淼：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 博物院是不追求盈利的，它是为社会和社会发展服务的，开放的永久的一个机构，它对于人类和人类环境的见证物进行研究、收集、整理特别是为教育、研究、游览的目的提供展览。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 当时的一位学者评价说：故宫博物院的成立是中国民主革命的又一次胜利，是中国文化史上的盛事，是中国博物馆事业走上正规的开端。神武门前车水马龙，拥挤空前，出现了从未有过的热闹景象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 在袁世凯死后的十二年间，前前后后有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">5</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">位总统、一个执政、一个大元帅，轮番上台。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">不管是谁在台上，他们都把目光对准了故宫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1926</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年，当时执政的段祺瑞以煽动共产学说为理由，下令通缉故宫博物院理事长李石增、易培基等五人。他们被通缉的真正原因是在故宫问题上跟段祺瑞政府长期对立。故宫博物院失去了领袖。自此，善后委员会被迫解散。很快，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">7</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">个月后，北洋政府的国务会议改组故宫博物院，成立“保管委员会”，在重新选举中，满清遗老赵尔巽、孙宝琦为正副委员，在他们的鼓动下，迎溥仪回宫声浪一天比一天高。当时留任的庄蕴宽、陈垣等人表示强烈反对。由于他们的坚持，赵尔巽、孙宝琦没能顺利上任，怒而辞职。故宫博物院又一次脱离了险境。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 然而，紧接着为保护故宫而据理力争的陈垣先生却被捕了。陈垣先生是著名的教育学家，时任辅仁大学校长。今天，他的学生启功先生这样评价他。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 著名书法家启功：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 他们就觉得我们是中国人，这些东西都是中国的宝贝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1926</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年，坚持为故宫工作的吴瀛先生留下了这样的回忆：故宫正是一个刚满周岁的孩子，出胎就不健全，你争我夺，多灾多难。我们一班看护的庸仆，竭尽全力，忠心耿耿坚持不肯离去。他们为了不受北洋政府的摆布，坚持不要政府的拨款，一切院务开支仅靠门票收入艰难维持着。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 与此相反，乾清门以南的前朝部分于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1914</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年就成立的古物陈列所因属于北洋政府管理，一直能够正常的运转。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">在不到一年的时间里，故宫博物院的主要领导人李石增、易培基、陈垣全遭通缉、逮捕。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">为了保卫新生的故宫博物院，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1926</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">12</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">9</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">日，“故宫博物院维持会”成立，吸纳了学者、官吏等各方人士共同参与。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 清华大学历史系教授蔡乐苏：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 这一拔知识分子这一拨文化名流，以他们的身份，因为这文化有一种无形的力量，一个文化的大师呢他可以足足可以镇住一个领兵百万的军阀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 然而一年之后，又一位军阀张作霖却下令查办故宫，名义上是彻查文物，实际上是寻找借口推翻维持会，把管辖大权抓到自己手里。由于他的儿子张学良将军一直是故宫博物院的竭诚维护者，故宫院务没有受到影响。时间走到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1928</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年，中国又处在一个风云突变的时期，自清帝退位后，此时的中国即将迎来第一个名义上统一的国民政府。这一年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">6</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月，曾经被通缉远走他乡的易培基被南京国民政府任命为故宫博物院第一任院长。因身体原因一时无法北上，所以他委派北京大学教授马衡等人代为管理故宫，马衡到任后故宫博物院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 成立了第一届理事会。至此，故宫博物院迎来了它的第一个稳定发展时期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 正当故宫博物院的前途初现光明的时候，一个叫经亨颐的议员却提出了一个惊人的提案，他把故宫视为清室私人逆产，主张废除故宫。他的这一提案居然在民国议会上获得了通过。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 这不禁让人想起数年前曹锟执政时期，有人曾建议拆除外朝的三大殿建造西式的国民议会大厦的事情，此事也曾闹得沸沸扬扬，结果是远在洛阳的秀才军阀吴佩孚电告全国：“若毁此三殿，中国将永丧此巨工古物，重为万国所笑”为此事划上了句号。现在又出现废除故宫的提案，文化界人士无不愤慨。他们委派张继先生针对经亨颐的提案，在民国中央政治会议上一一进行驳斥。故宫博物院终得保存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 清室善后委员会顾问之一吴瀛之孙吴欢：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 老实讲尽管有不同的这种企图，但是从大局面上讲都给故宫网开一面，这实际上就是对五千年中国文化的一个尊重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 故宫博物院副研究馆员罗随祖：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 经过这样的军阀混战，经过这样的动乱，没有遗失，反而完整保存下来，真的是感谢，真的我们要感谢这个先人，这么多先人做这么多默默无闻的这样的工作，也足以使我们今天在世界上觉得自己骄傲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 让我们再次记起一些名字，李煜瀛、易培基、陈垣、马衡、庄蕴宽、鹿钟麟、吴敬恒、沈兼士、吴瀛、蔡元培、俞同奎等等等等。故宫作为中国文化的枢纽，始终跟历史的激荡与变迁紧密相连。这座宫殿和它收藏的那些珍宝随着命运的起起落落，始终让疼爱她、视她为文化传承的故宫人揪心不已。在那样动荡的岁月里，他们一直坚持着把故宫博物院完好地留给了后人</span></p> 辛苦了!后续的呢？ 待续 同年叔叔真是辛苦了~嘿嘿
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