[转帖]12集记录片的解说词1-7集-史地研究-服务器里的北京 - 老北京网

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-3 22:04:00

[转帖]12集记录片的解说词1-7集

第一集   肇建紫禁城 　　是谁创造了历史？又是谁在历史中创造了伟大的文明？ 　　公元1403年1月23日，中国农历癸未年的元月一日。这一天，生活在这块土地上的人们，依然延续着自古以来的传统，度过他们一年中最重要的节日--农历元旦。 　　这一年，人们收到的类似今天的贺年卡上，不再有建文的年号了。建文帝4年的统治，在一场史称靖难之变的战争后，成为了往事。 　　公元1403年的大年初一，大明朝第三个皇帝朱棣，正式启用永乐作为自己的年号。这一年为永乐元年。年号的更替，随之带来的将是这个王朝的更多变化。 　　永乐元年，明朝的首都在今天中国南京。这座六朝古都自东汉时代起就被认为有王者之气。明太祖朱元璋将都城定在这里，并集中国两千年宫殿建筑之精华，建造了皇家宫殿。今天这座宫殿仅留下了这些遗址，但仍不失当年的气魄。 　　而此时的北京城在大明的版图上，还是朝廷的一个布政司，叫做北平。这里人烟稀少。朱棣11岁时被封为燕王，他和他的旧部们熟悉这里，对这个地方充满着感情。 　　永乐元年的农历正月十三这一天，朱棣按祖制祭祀完天地回到皇宫。当君臣们相聚一堂时，一个叫李至刚的礼部尚书，提出了一个建议。他说，我以为北平这个地方，是皇上承运龙兴之地。应该遵循太祖高皇帝，另设一个都城的制度，把北平立为京都。永乐皇帝，当即非常高兴地答应了下来。在这之后的几个小时里，将北平升为北京，成为王朝第二个京都的一道圣旨昭告了天下。 　　这个消息很快传遍了全国，而一座伟大宫殿将由此诞生。 　　刚刚登基不久的永乐皇帝，用这样一道圣旨昭示天下，表达自己治理天下的理念。 　　从目前看到的史料中，我们可以发现，公元1403年的朱棣正处于一种十分微妙而不安的气氛中。作为一个从侄儿手中夺取皇权，刚登大极的皇帝，他面临太多棘手的问题。对反对他的建文帝旧臣的杀戮仍在继续。 　　杀了很多人以后，朱棣感到十分不安。他也曾询问身边的一位大臣茹常，我这样做会不会得罪了天地祖宗？ 　　更让他感到不安的是，攻入南京城时，他的侄儿建文帝就在一场大火中神秘失踪，生死不明。尽管他按天子礼仪，给这位侄儿举行了隆重的葬礼。但后世的很多历史学家认为，当时被下葬的并不是建文帝本人。真正的建文帝，很可能已经逃亡在外。这件事成为朱棣最大的一块心病。 　　之后有一天上朝时，朱棣差点被御史大夫景清刺杀。 　　此事之后，朱棣在南京城里经常做恶梦。他或许更加强烈地开始怀念他的故地北京。 　　站在南京皇宫的遗迹中，我们不难想像，曾经在北方生活多年的永乐皇帝，可能越来越不喜欢住在南京。他开始谋划将第一京都迁往北京的行动。 　　很快当年的5月份，在一次临朝时，他对大臣们说，北京是我旧时的封国。有国社国稷，将实施国都的礼治。然而皇上的建议，却遭到了大臣们的激烈反对。从那以后，朱棣谨慎了很多，他开始以迂回而秘密的方式，为迁都进行系统而缜密的准备。 　　公元1403年，由北平刚刚改称为北京的城市里，突然多了很多来自江浙等地的南方人。他们得到朝廷的应允，迁至北京，即可获得五年免缴税赋的优待条件。这些人普遍比较富有，很快便在北京做起他们以往在南方所经营的生意。同时在北京的郊区，也多了很多农民开始垦荒种地，大规模的移民工程开始了。 　　当浩浩荡荡的移民队伍涌向北京时，   在距北京万里之遥的西北草原上，蒙古帖木儿大汗指挥的铁骑大军，已经向中原开拔。大明朝的北方又面临着威胁。 　　然而正当永乐皇帝，准备布防迎战时，帖木儿却突然在行军途中病故。一场大战消于无形。 　　公元1405年6月，东南风吹起的时候，郑和受永乐皇帝的派遣率一支船队作远洋航行。带着永乐皇帝，向世界展现大明国威的使命驶向茫茫的海洋。据说这次航行，也是为了寻找失踪的建文帝。 　　公元1406年8月，当郑和的舰队浩荡行进时，南京皇宫里发生了一件让朱棣高兴的事。我们已经无法考证，是出于永乐皇帝本人的暗中授意，还是大臣们自己揣摩上意的结果。总之在这一天的朝堂上，以丘福为首的一群大臣，建议在北京修建一座新的宫殿，永乐皇帝非常愉快地接受了这个建议。 　　于是一场浩大的工程拉开了序幕。 　　永乐皇帝开始派他的心腹亲信们奔赴全国各地，为这项巨大工程做准备。他们中有工部尚书宋礼、吏部右侍郎师逵、户部左侍郎古朴。 　　这些人即将去往的地方，是四川湖广等地的群山峻岭。他们这次要去开采的是楠木。珍贵的楠木，多生长在原始森林的险峻之处，那里常常有虎豹蛇蟒的出没。官员和百姓们冒着危险进山采木，很多人丢失了性命。后世有人用“入山一千，出山五百”来形容采木的代价。 　　这里是今天紫禁城太和殿的内景，当年那些被砍伐的楠木，就是被用来制作这些柱子的。那些永乐时期巨大的楠木，在太和殿里早已难见踪影，这些巨大的柱子，是后来清朝由松木拼凑而成的。 　　这是公元2004年6月，故宫大修进行的一次运木工程。这些巨大的木材，通过现代的运输工具运到故宫，也是一项庞杂而艰巨的工作。 　　那么500年前，比这些木材巨大数倍的楠木，又是怎么运到紫禁城里的呢？ 　　被派往四川的工部尚书宋礼，这样向皇帝描述了一次大木出山的传奇情景。有一天山洪暴发，一株大木顺流而下。遇有巨石拦路，大木发出像雷鸣一样的巨响，撞击巨石。巨石裂开大木完好无缺。后来永乐皇帝将发生这一故事的那座大山封为神木山。 　　这只是一个特殊的例子。更多的木材，从川贵湖北的崇山峻岭中依靠天然的河流和修好的运河，输送到北京。 　　永乐时期为建造新的宫殿，而进行的采木工作，据说持续了整整13年。然而开采修建宫殿的石料，同样也很艰辛。我们在保和殿后，看到了这块故宫中最大的丹陛石。它是在明代，由一块完整的石头雕刻而成。而这样巨大的石头，是如何被运到这里来的呢？ 　　据历史记载，这些石头都来自于北京西南郊房山的大石窝和门头沟的青白口。这里从明清两代跨越600年，直到现在还在生产汉白玉石头。我们终于在明朝史料中，发现了保和殿后那块石料的开采和运输过程。这块石料开采就动用了一万多名民工和六千多名士兵，而运往京城则更为艰巨。数万名民工，在运送石料的道路两旁，修路填坑。每隔一里左右掘一口井，在隆冬严寒滴水成冰的日子，从井里汲水泼成冰道。二万民工一千多头骡子，用了整整28天的时间，才运到京城。那些同样被费尽心力，运到紫禁城的巨石，大部分都被安放在故宫中轴线的御道上。 　　据现在的专家学者研究，这次宫殿建设的备料过程长达近十年。 　　在这十年中，北京逐渐成了大明王朝疆域内，最热闹最庞大的建筑工地。这是今天我们用三维动画再现的，当年营建紫禁城时北京工地的景象。那些由此而生的著名工地名称一直保存至今。 　　在这样一个浩大的工程中，能被历史记载下来的人，只有极少的几个。那些当年为这座宫殿付出辛劳的工匠，据说超过百万之多。他们中也不乏幸运者，有两个来自山西的工匠王顺、胡良。永乐皇帝视察工地的一天，看到他们的彩绘。皇帝扶着王顺的肩膀，对他称赞不已。 　　泰宁侯陈珪，公元1406年被任命为改造建设北京城及宫殿的总指挥。永乐皇帝在写给陈珪的一封诏书里说：“要善待工地上的军人和民工，饮食和作息要有规律，不要过于劳累。你们要体谅我爱惜百姓的想法”陈珪一直在北京监工，直到公元1419年去世，他没有等到紫禁城落成的那一天。 　　据历史记载，在参与这项工程的能工巧匠中，以老木匠金珩为首的二十多人被同时提升为营缮所丞。而其他一些著名人物，像负责石料制作的陆祥、负责工艺的蔡信，也都被历史记载了下来。 　　这里是现在北京的中南海。在600多年前，紫禁城尚未建成之时，   朱棣的燕王府和紫禁城完工前的临时宫殿，就在这一区域的西北。 　　公元1409年，朱棣以巡狩的名义住在这里。从公元1409年至宫殿建成后的公元1421年，他在北京度过了5年又8个月。这使得大明朝的决策、军事和行政系统逐渐北移。跟随朱棣来到北京的一个叫王绂的画家，在这一时期创作了《燕京八景图》，用细腻的笔法描绘了那个时候北京的美景和风情。那个时期，北京逐渐呈现出一派欣欣向荣的景象。移民军户对郊区的屯田垦荒，使北京农业生产水平得到迅速提高。 　　北京对于这个王朝开始显得越来越重要。 　　从公元1410年到公元1414年，朱棣以北京为根据地，两次跨过长城御驾亲征，击败了多年来威胁北京的蒙古部落。在一次胜利后，他检阅了所带领的庞大军队。 　　就在朱棣谋划迁都北京刚刚开始的时候，他最亲密的一个人去世了。这就是徐皇后，他们的婚事是朱元璋亲自给说合的。怎样安葬这个结发妻子呢？陵墓理应建在南京，但是朱棣却悄悄派一个大臣和一个风水先生前往北京寻找吉壤建陵。两年后，在昌平以北20多里的地方，被朱棣降旨圈为陵区禁地。 　　这就是今天的明十三陵。借徐皇后之死而建陵，大臣们都意识到这是皇上向他们释放的一个迁都信号。 　　这之后南京城里的一些大臣开始上疏，直截了当反对永乐皇帝暗藏的迁都用意。很快河南布政使周文褒、王文振及参议陈祚被朱棣谪贬到农村去当普通的农民，而其余的人只好选择了沉默。 　　公元1416年十一月的一天，朱棣突然诏集文武群臣，和颜悦色地与大家谈论起一个关于北京的敏感话题。皇上对北京宫殿的修建表现出异乎寻常的民主，而这一次群臣没有再提出反对意见。不仅一致通过紫禁城尽快动工修建，还赞美起北京优越的地理位置，纷纷强烈要求将明王朝的第一首都定在北京。他们说：“北京北枕居庸关，西靠太行山，东连山海关，南俯中原，沃野千里，山川壮丽，足以控制四方，统治天下，确实是可以绵延万世的帝王之都。”朱棣多年处心积虑的迁都欲望，瞬间变成了君臣的合意。后世的历史学家认为，这次决定意味着中国政治中心开始北移，中国地缘政治从此发生改变。这种改变影响了中国数百年的政治格局直到今天。 　　这是公元2005年4月10日的清晨，在故宫博物院的宫墙内出现了这样一群工人。他们来到这里，是为了完成一项工程，就是对这座宫殿进行一次大规模的修缮，这次大修将持续19年。 　　在将近600年前，同样在这块地方，曾经一次性的汇集了十万名工匠，开始修建这座宫殿。他们大多来自于河南、山东、山西、安徽等地。 　　今天我们无法知道，他们是怎样建造这座宫殿的。也无法知道他们曾经历了哪些不为人知的故事。 　　关于这座宫殿建设的正式记载在《明实录》上有这样的几句话“癸亥，初营建北京，凡庙社、宫殿、门阙，规制悉如南京，而高敞壮丽过之，至是成。”在公元1419年，关于这座宫殿的建设只能用文字记录。 　　而今天，我们却有幸能用摄像机记录这些影像。从这些大修的场景中，我们隐约可以捕捉到，当年修建这座宫殿的一些印记。 　　我们的故事讲到这里，不得不对历史的记载产生一些疑惑。我们同样在《明实录》上看到这样的记载:“自永乐十五年六月兴工”在今天一些研究者以此为据认为，紫禁城是自永乐十五年，用了三年半的时间建成。而另外一些学者则认为，如此浩大的工程8000多座房子，即使是在今天，也是不可能用三年半的时间建成的。但是无论有怎样的争论，千百年来中国古典建筑的工程方法，却一直未有大的变化。虽然距紫禁城建成已经将近六百年，但是今天工匠们使用的建筑方法依然延续着那时的工艺。这些传统的工艺，在清代被人们概括为八大作。   即木作、瓦作、石作、扎材作、土作、油漆作、彩画作、糊裱作。我们今天在镜头中所展示的工艺是在这次大修中所运用的。它和约六百年前明朝工匠所运用的手法，几乎是一样的。 　　在公元1420年，这座宫殿终于建成了。它是在元大都皇宫旧址上诞生的。那个元大都曾十分著名的延春阁被景山所取代，而整个宫殿建筑群由北往南延伸座落在整个北京的中心地带，成为这个王朝新的神圣之地。 　　这里的砖瓦木石，这里的色彩，这里的空间布局，都昭示着中国人曾经的文明意志和理念。从此这里开始历经24位皇帝和众多嫔妃皇子们的悲喜人生。开始上演中国历史中许多精彩的瞬间。 　　公元1421年，在宫殿刚刚建成之后，百姓迎来了那一年的农历元旦。这一天，朱棣在新落成的宫殿里，举行了规模宏大的朝贺仪式。他登上了高敞壮阔的奉天殿，接受大臣们的跪拜。朱棣和大臣们都为这座辉煌无比的宫殿所振奋与鼓舞。 　　不久春天到来了。那些曾经终年在北京服役的工匠民夫和军人们，   甚至还有那些大牢中的犯人们，皇帝减赋免役大赦天下的诏书改变了他们的命运。 　　据说宫殿盖好之后，意得志满的永乐皇帝把一位会推算未来的姓胡的官员找来，让他算一下以后会发生什么事。胡回答说：“明年四月初八宫殿会发生火灾”永乐帝大怒，把他关进监狱，并表示到时候若不着火就杀你人头。谁都没把这个人的话放在心上，大家都沉浸在新宫殿建成后的喜悦之中。也就是在这时，永乐帝派郑和第六次率领船队出使西洋。 　　公元1421年5月9日这一天，天气骤变雷鸣电闪，三大殿大火突然升起真的被雷火击中了。朱棣到底有没有找官员测算新宫殿的未来， 　　在历史上无法考证。那个胡姓官员预测的故事，基本可确立为是一种传说。而在《明史》上关于这次火灾的正确记载是这样的：“自永乐十五年六月兴工”言简意赅无更多笔墨。 　　永乐皇帝用近二十年大量人力物力财力投入而建成的三大殿，   只存在了三个月，就毁于天火。这对朱棣是一个致命的打击。在痛惜宫殿的被毁之外，更令他痛苦的是对自身的怀疑。朱棣敕谕文武群臣说：“奉天等三殿灾，我心惶惧，莫知所措。如果我的作为果真有不当之处，大家应该开诚布公地提出来，好让我有改过的机会，以回天意。”   下诏求言引发了官员们的激烈反应。一部分人都抓住这个机会指责朱棣好大喜功，指陈他迁都北京是错误决策。接着，处于惊恐与愤怒矛盾中的永乐皇帝，让大臣们跪在午门前相互辩论，还处死了一位指责他的官员。 　　不久之后，朱棣致力消除边患发动第六次北征蒙古的行动。但是他的健康每况愈下，戎马一生的他居然从马上摔了下来，终于在北征蒙古的途中他在榆木川走向生命的尽头。 　　毁于天火的大明宫殿三大殿，在永乐时代没有再进行重修工作。   之后的二十年中，曾经辉煌如梦境一般的紫禁城中央地带，是一片焦黑的废墟。 　　转眼间十多年过去了，正统元年也就是1436年，明英宗朱祁镇即位。这位实际年龄只有7岁的孩子十分崇拜他的曾祖父朱棣，他一登上皇位就做了一件他的父亲和祖父都没有做成的事情——重修紫禁城。 　　这一年的秋天，朱祁镇下诏“命太监阮安、都督同知沈清、少保工部尚书吴中率军夫数万人修建京师九门城楼。”又过了五年，他正式下诏重修三大殿和乾清、坤宁二宫。下诏当日工程就正式动工。 　　一年半之后，拖延了十几年的重建工作完成了。 　　一切尘埃落定。紫禁城又完好如初，一道圣旨又昭告了天下。 　　北京紫禁城，最终成为中国明清两代统治天下的最高政治中心；一座世界建筑艺术史上独一无二的经典之作，从此傲然于世；成为我们人类历史上迄今能看到的最大的宫殿建筑群；最终成为我们全人类共同的历史文化遗产。 　　然而紫禁城在重新建好后，又将面对数百年中的一次又一次灾难和重建，它的故事或许才刚刚开始。
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-11-7 17:00:17编辑过]

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 00:06:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第二集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">盛世的屋脊(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">惊心动魄的战争已见分晓。改朝换代正在进行。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1644<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年农历<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">8<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月，在浩浩荡荡的随从队伍陪同下，一个六岁的男孩和他的母亲一起，从盛京老家向北京进发。男孩名叫福临，是大清王朝的顺治皇帝，此行的目的地是他们在北京的新家：紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　对于六岁的顺治皇帝来说，这座他前所未见的高大城门，一定给他留下了新奇而深刻的印象。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是紫禁城最大的门，有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">37.95<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">米高。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　按照中国的阴阳学说，正北叫子，正南叫午，所以位于紫禁城中轴线南端的这座城门，叫作“午门”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　穿过午门，紫禁城的真容出现在顺治皇帝的眼前。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这里就是他们的新家，而对这座宫殿的占有，也将是他们成为中国新的统治者的象征。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　深红色的宫墙和金黄色的琉璃瓦是这座宫殿最引人注目的特征，而这绵延一片的红色和金色也使紫禁城与周边的建筑完全区分开来。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城的建筑分为前后两个部分，前半部分是处理朝政和举行重大礼仪活动的场所，称为前朝。后半部分是皇帝处理日常政务和帝后嫔妃的生活场所，称为内廷。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　故宫博物院副院长
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">晋宏逵：<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城的总体部署就是这样，用若干条纵深的轴线来安排这么多的建筑，那么这些建筑都是用院落的形式来展开的。每个院落当中都有成组的建筑。每栋建筑相互之间都是有主有从，有正有配，它就是这样用建筑的手段，来表达封建社会、封建礼制所表达的那种等级和秩序。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　传说中玉皇大帝的紫微宫一共是一万间，而人间的紫禁城一直流传着宫殿有九千九百九十九间半的说法。事实上，在长达五百多年的时间里，紫禁城一直在变化着。根据<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1973<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年故宫专家的调查，紫禁城现有的宫殿是八千七百零四间。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　有人认为，当年顺治帝初次见到的紫禁城也许并不完整，因为比他早几个月进京的摄政王多尔衮，在给顺治皇帝的奏报中写道：李自成烧毁宫殿后逃走。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　故宫博物院副研究馆员
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">李燮平：<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　李自成确实放火了，那整个紫禁城受到什么损坏了，这实际上清代人自己有一个定位。乾隆朝修订的《日下旧闻考》就明确说过紫禁城宫殿是因胜朝之旧而斟酌损益之。意思是什么呢。就是说我对紫禁城的修缮都是在明代建筑的基础上来进行的。这就反过来说明一个什么问题呢，就是说紫禁城宫殿没像传说的那样因为李自成而受到那么大规模的破坏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　据《清实录》记载，六岁的顺治皇帝是在皇极门也就是现在的太和门登的极。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　顺治二年，中轴线上的宫殿被一一修复，重新命名。这是改朝换代在建筑上最直接的体现。皇极殿改名为太和殿，中极殿改名为中和殿，建极殿改名为保和殿，对于当时尚不稳固的新政权来说，一个和字，包含了他们对天下和平、君民和谐的未来，最迫切的期盼。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　从此，紫禁城的匾额上出现了满文。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　顺治皇帝没能等到他所盼望的和平盛世的到来，就在二十四岁时离开了人世。这一年是公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1661<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　十八年之后，一个寒冷的冬夜。太和殿西侧的御膳房突然燃起了火光，大火一路蔓延，两小时后烧着了太和殿。几天后，引起这次火灾的六名太监被处以绞刑。此后太和殿在长达十八年的时间里却始终是废墟一片。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这段时间里，年轻的康熙皇帝，在残缺的紫禁城中忙于指挥各地征战、稳定统治。十六年间，他相继平定了以吴三桂为首的三藩叛乱，收复了台湾，还打败了入侵的沙俄，签订了清王朝对外的惟一一个平等条约《中俄尼布楚条约》。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　直到康熙三十四年，天下太平。此时的康熙皇帝终于可以腾出手来重建太和殿了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　但是这次修复却遇到了最大的难题。太和殿上一次重建是在明朝天启年间，此时已经过去六十九年，人们不知道太和殿确切的建筑比例与数据。当时，爱读书的康熙皇帝亲自查遍书籍，结果令他非常失望。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　一位叫梁九的人令这件事情有了重大转机。当时已年逾古稀的梁九，从明朝崇祯年间进入工部<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">,<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">已经在工部工作了四十多年。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　根据《梁九传》记载，当时梁九按照十比一的比例，做了一个太和殿的木模型，就靠对这座模型组件的放大制作，完成了太和殿的结构搭建。令人称奇的是放大出来的每一个木件安装上去都能严丝合缝，分毫不差。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　让后人感到幸运的是，康熙三十四年这次重建太和殿的所有材料以及尺寸被详细记载在《太和殿纪事》这本书当中，这是关于太和殿修建的惟一一份详细纪录。对于今天即将进行的太和殿大修，这本书仍然具有重要的参考价值。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙三十六年，太和殿落成，盛大的落成仪式正在进行。这不仅是一座宫殿的庆典，更昭示着一个新的盛世的开端。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这就是今天我们看到的太和殿。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　坐落在八米多高的汉白玉三台上的太和殿是紫禁城的核心，也是紫禁城整体建筑乐章的高潮部分。它的一切设计，都为着一个目的，就是把至高无上的皇权烘托到极致。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿曾经是北京城最高的建筑，从庭院到正脊高<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">36.57<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">米，相当于<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">12<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">层楼房的高度。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿也是紫禁城中最大的建筑。面积达<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2381<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">平方米，相当于半个足球场那麽大。它的长宽比例正好是九比五，代表着九五之尊。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿与身后的中和殿、保和殿一起构成前朝的主体，人们习惯称之为三大殿。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城的建筑很多地方都与九这个数字有关，九为最大，体现至尊的含义。像大门上的九排九路门钉，房檐上的九个走兽等等。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　然而，对于太和殿来说，连最大数字九都不足以表达它的尊贵，因此，在它的屋顶上出现了十个走兽。多出来的这一个叫行什，在中国所有古建筑中仅此一例。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿是目前世界上最大的木质结构建筑。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这个号称世界之最的大殿里，布置却相当简单。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在基台的烘托下，皇帝的宝座是惟一的主角。目光所及之处，皇权的威严辐射到每一个角落。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿一共有七十二根大柱子，围绕着宝座的六根被贴上黄金，每根柱子上都有一条巨龙，这是皇权的象征。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　从这六根金柱当中向上望去，藻井上有一条蟠龙，蟠龙嘴里倒垂下来的宝珠又叫做“轩辕镜”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙皇帝对太和殿的这次重新修建，改变了它原有的九开间形制，变成了十一开间。可以说，这是此次重修中最为实用的改造。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　故宫博物院古建部副主任
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">周苏琴：<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙三十四年重建太和殿的时候，考虑到防火的因素，所以就把木构的斜廊改成砖墙了，同时把太和殿两边的游廊改成了夹室，就形成了我们现在看到的这个面阔十一间的格局。实际上还是没有改变原来这个面阔九间周围廊的格局。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2004<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月，故宫大修前的勘查进入到了太和殿的屋顶内部，我们也跟随他们进行了拍摄。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是世界上最大的木质建筑的粱架。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而脊檩的彩画是康熙三十四重建时绘制的，它是彩画中最高等级的和玺彩画，距今已经三百多年。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 00:07:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第二集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">盛世的屋脊(2)<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">    我们的摄像机镜头在这里还拍到了一个神秘的物品。 　　它在太和殿顶部最中心的位置，位于藻井的正上方。 　　这就是雍正皇帝命人安放在这里的符板。 　　我们在收藏于第一历史档案馆的皇宫档案中发现了这样一段内容：雍正九年，八月十二日，雍正皇帝命人把三份符板分别安放在养心殿、太和殿和乾清宫。 　　第一历史档案馆编研部主任
李国荣： 　　安放符板呢，本来是古代建筑中，风水学中很讲究的一个内容，为的是镇宅、避邪、保佑平安。
雍正（皇帝）的这几块符板呢，除了传统的道教八卦图外还增加了藏传佛教的咒语，这反映了他是诸教为我所用，来保佑他的平安。 　　雍正皇帝放置符板的举动，无疑明确了太和殿、乾清宫和养心殿这三处宫殿，是紫禁城中最重要的地方，而除太和殿外，其余两个宫殿都在皇宫的内廷。 　　和前朝相对，紫禁城后半部分统称内廷，它包括皇帝皇后居住的后三宫，妃子们居住的东西六宫和皇子们生活的乾东西五所。至此，紫禁城建筑的乐章从阳刚的高潮乐段进入阴柔的慢板。 　　乾清宫与坤宁宫和交泰殿合称为后三宫。 　　乾清宫，在雍正皇帝以前一直是皇帝的寝宫。同为皇帝使用的宫殿，它比前朝的太和殿低十一米，面积小一千多平方米，置身其中，人的感觉会松驰许多。 　　明代时乾清宫有后暖阁九间，分上下两层，类似今天的复式建筑，上下共布置了二十七张床，皇帝可以任意选择。
清朝时，东西暖阁改成了书房。 　　在明代，坤宁宫是皇后的寝宫。到了清朝，这座宫殿的室内装修有了很大改变，成为中轴线上最具有满族特色的宫殿。 　　它室内贯通，西、北、南三面都有火炕。西大炕供朝祭神位，北炕供夕祭神位, 东北角是祭祀时煮肉用的厨房。这种布局来源于满族民间“口袋房”、“万字炕”的居住习俗。 　　从坤宁宫东暖阁悬挂的这则坤宁宫铭上可以看出，坤宁宫的布置是依据入关前沈阳故宫中皇后居住的清宁宫照搬而来的。 　　除了皇后，在后宫中，还有很多当朝皇帝的嫔妃，她们就住在后三宫两旁的宫殿里，这些宫殿总称为东西六宫。 　　故宫博物院副研究馆员
王子林： 　　东西六宫它取自于《周礼》的六寝六宫制度，但是它更多的是融入了自汉代以来所形成的《周易》阴阳哲学思想，它的建筑布局从平面上看是一个坤卦的卦象，象征阴，也就是说这个地方居住的是妃子。其功能呢可以从宫殿的命名上反映出来。比如说承乾宫，为什么叫承乾宫呢？就是说居住在这个地方的妃子要顺承皇帝，所以说东西六宫的建筑它体现的是三纲五常，特别是夫为妻纲的伦理道德思想。 　　东西六宫的建筑形制比后三宫低很多，体现了居住在这里的嫔妃的从属地位。 　　这是雍正皇帝命人绘制的美人图。每一个皇帝都希望龙脉延续，子孙繁盛，从而使王朝兴旺，江山永固。 　　公元1856年，随着一声婴儿的啼哭，一个女人一生的命运被改变了。她就是后来统治中国四十八年的慈禧太后。 　　储秀宫是她刚入宫时的居所，但我们现在看到的内部装饰，已经是在她五十大寿时，花费六十三万两白银重新修缮布置过的了。 　　兰花，中国古人认为它有王者之香，又有生育男孩的象征，它与寿石组合的图案寓意为宜男宜寿，所以储秀宫的隔扇大量采用了这种绘画。 　　也许是巧合，慈禧太后刚入宫时被封为兰贵人，不久就生下后来的同治皇帝。母以子贵，随着地位逐渐显赫，她的寝宫装饰也奢华起来，在储秀宫的庭院陈设中还出现了龙，这也是东西六宫中惟一的例子。 　　内廷中的养心殿在雍正皇帝之前，原本是一座普通的宫殿。 　　雍正皇帝即位之后并没有按惯例住进乾清宫，他表示：父亲康熙皇帝在乾清宫居住了六十多年，自己实在不忍心再住进去，决定移居月华门外的养心殿，并要求将殿内略微修缮，一定要朴素。 　　雍正皇帝的这个决定，使紫禁城内廷的格局出现了变化。从此，养心殿在紫禁城里越来越重要。 　　养心殿地位骤然上升之后，并没能一直朴素下去，配套装修很快跟了上来。在紫禁城中，采光好坏是衡量宫殿地位的重要标志之一。为了改善养心殿的采光，它成为紫禁城中第一个装上玻璃的宫殿。雍正元年，清宫内务府造办处《活计档·
木作》记载
“
十月初一日 , 有谕旨 , 养心殿后寝宫，穿堂北边东西窗安玻璃二块 "。 　　当时，玻璃是非常稀罕的物件，全部依靠海外进口。 　　养心殿的位置靠近前朝，它将皇帝的休息和办公场所合二为一。这座宫殿的后半部分是卧室，皇帝在这里休息，若要处理政务时，只要穿过这条甬道，不到一分钟就可以来到前殿办公，大大提高了办事效率。 　　从雍正皇帝开始，到清王朝灭亡，清朝有八个皇帝把养心殿作为生活起居和处理政务的地方。在这里，留下了他们各自不同的生活印记。 　　一座小小的宫殿见证了一个王朝从盛到衰的历史。 　　在等级森严、庄严肃穆的紫禁城中，有一片风格迥异的建筑透露出一份灵动和浪漫的气息。这就是宁寿宫花园，人们俗称乾隆花园，它是生性潇洒喜好游历的乾隆皇帝的得意之作。 　　这个花园建在紫禁城的东北角。狭隘细长，曲径通幽，四个院落相连，风景各不相同， 　　乾隆皇帝六下江南时最为欣赏的江南美景尽收园内。 　　花园中还处处显示出汉族传统文化对乾隆皇帝的深刻影响。 　　中国古代有一种祈福的祭祀活动叫褉赏，后来演化为人们暮春郊游的风俗。文人墨客此时也要相邀聚会，最著名的一次被记录在王羲之的《兰亭序》中。 　　九曲蜿蜒的水渠中清水流淌，随波逐流的酒杯停在谁的座前谁就要吟诗作赋，否则就罚酒认输，
这就是“曲水流觞，修褉赏乐”乾隆皇帝以此为根据，给这个亭子起名“褉赏亭”。 　　花园中还有一个建筑叫“三友轩”，室内以松，竹，梅装饰, 松木刚劲而挺拔 , 腊梅
凌寒而开放 , 翠竹杆直而心虚 , 三者皆处严寒而不谢 , 所以被称为岁寒三友 , 古代文人以这三种植物比拟人品的刚直、高洁。乾隆皇帝不仅借三友轩表现自己的儒雅，更重要的是传达出清朝皇帝与汉族知识分子思想融合的一种态度。 　　乾隆花园的修建只是一个庞大的建设工程中的一小部分。 　　自康熙朝以来，经过七十多年的治理，到乾隆时期，中国农业经济、综合国力达到巅峰。 　　乾隆皇帝开始对紫禁城进行了自1420年建成以来最大规模的改造。其中，有两个重要的工程是和政治体制的改变紧密相连的。 　　第一个就是对乾西二所及周围区域的改造。 　　乾西二所是乾隆皇帝作皇子时候的居所。为什么他要对这里进行大规模的改造呢？这还要从皇帝的立储制度说起。 　　雍正皇帝之前，皇太子的确立往往伴随着激烈而血腥的宫廷斗争，所以雍正皇帝便改用了秘密建储的方式，他亲笔写下两份确定皇位继承人的诏书，一份藏在乾清宫正大光明匾的背后，另一封由他随身携带。皇帝在世时秘而不宣，等皇帝死后，两相对照无误，才能对外公布，迎立新君。 　　乾隆皇帝作为秘密建储制上台的第一个皇帝，没有享受过一天太子的待遇，因此他要把自己的故居乾西二所地位升格，由所改为宫，不再让其他人居住，以此强调他继承皇位的正统。 　　重新整修后，这个三进小院的主体建筑被重新命名，分别叫作崇敬殿、重华宫和翠云馆，习惯上统称重华宫，重华宫的名字来自汉族大臣张庭玉的提议。重华是指远古时期圣明君主“舜”，对汉文化颇为精通的乾隆皇帝非常高兴地采纳了这个建议。 　　乾西二所改造完成以后，周围的几座宫室也随之进行了改造，成为重华宫的附属配套设施：东边的乾西一所改为漱芳斋，室内建造了一个小戏台，取名“风雅存”，供皇帝观赏一些小戏时使用，在院内还添加了一座大戏台。它们是紫禁城中最早出现的戏台。 　　即位之后的乾隆皇帝虽然已经移居养心殿，但他一直把舒适的重华宫当作与家人、密臣欢聚的场所。 　　信奉藏传佛教的乾隆皇帝，还在重华宫的西南部修建了紫禁城里最重要的藏传佛教建筑雨花阁。藏传佛教从元代进入皇宫，到清代发展到顶峰。雨花阁的修建，除了满足皇帝个人礼佛的需要，更重要的作用是以宗教信仰联络中国边疆地区的蒙藏各部，加强民族融合，以巩固国家的统一。 　　紫禁城改造中和政治改革密切相关的第二个重要工程是修建宁寿宫。 　　乾隆皇帝即位不久就宣布：为了不超过在位六十一年的祖父康熙皇帝，他将在执政六十年的时候将皇位禅让给儿子，皇位交接方式的这一改变，意味着紫禁城中将首次出现退休的皇帝。 　　宁寿宫，就是为乾隆皇帝退休准备的养老之所。作为太上皇的宫殿，宁寿宫的级别不亚于皇帝的居所。它也分为前朝和内廷，各种配套设施样样俱全。这几乎就是一个微缩的紫禁城。宁寿宫的造价达到一百三十多万两白银。仅宁寿门前的这对镀金铜狮，就用了黄金三百三十四两。 　　为当朝的皇上建造退休的宫殿，无疑是最受重视的工程，工部集中了全国顶尖的能工巧匠。这其中有一个雷姓建筑设计世家。 　　这是他们绘制的长达五米多的紫禁城中轴线大清门到坤宁宫的全部建筑的外观图样，上面清楚地标注着各个建筑的名称和它们之间地距离，数据精确到了寸。 　　从康熙年间开始，这个家族前后延续二百多年，一直从事皇家建筑的设计工作， 　　他们主持修缮设计的作品中光是列为世界文化遗产的就有故宫、颐和园，天坛等等。 　　这个祖孙七代的设计世家又被称作“样式雷”家族。 　　中国古代的建筑设计，采用文字说明、图纸和烫样三者结合的方式。所谓烫样，就是立体的设计模型。它是中国古建筑设计中特有的产物。现在，故宫依旧保留着当年雷氏家族制作的烫样。 　　烫样用硬纸板、秫秸和木头等粘贴制做而成。模型制成之后，需要用小烙铁将细节部分烫平，故名烫样。 　　这是清朝晚期雷氏家族为紫禁城长春宫设计的烫样，在夏季长春宫院内建有一个巨大的凉棚。在烫样的相关部位，都有具体的文字说明和建筑尺寸。经过一层层展示，我们能清晰地看到建筑的内部结构。当时的烫样主要是为给皇上御览而制作的。皇帝的意志是决定宫殿建造最终的依据。 　　豪华、气派号称小紫禁城的宁寿宫完工之后，乾隆皇帝一天也没有住过，他在退位后，依然住在养心殿内控制着朝政，直到公元1799年，他八十九岁时去世。 　　从明朝永乐年间到清朝乾隆年间，紫禁城历经三百多年的修建、改建和修缮，终于成就了今天展现在世人眼前的模样。而在紫禁城中演绎的历史，还将波澜壮阔地延续下去。

油油发表于 2006-11-4 00:08:00

胡同辛苦！

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 00:14:00

不苦不苦.你也够早的,夜班还是早读啊.

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 10:43:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第三集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">礼仪天下(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　在进入故宫的四座大门中，东华门是与众不同的。只有非常细心的人才会发现，它的门钉只有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">行，有别于其他三座门的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">9<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">行。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这一细微的差别，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">400<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前，曾经引发了一场震动朝野的风波。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1521<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月，明武宗驾崩，武宗没有儿子，也没有兄弟。于是，皇太后决定，湖北的朱厚熜以藩王身份继承皇位。但是，朱厚熜行进到北京宣武门外，忽然止步不前了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　面对皇帝宝座，朱厚熜究竟有什么疑虑呢？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　起因在于礼部拟定的继位礼仪：朱厚熜应由东华门入紫禁城，先到文华殿，追认皇太子的身份，然后再继承皇位。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　门钉少了一行的东华门在等级上低于午门，神武门，也低于西华门。在紫禁城的设计中，这座大门临近太子的宫区——文华殿，是太子出入紫禁城的通道。皇帝本人，几乎不走东华门。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　固执的朱厚熜拒绝了礼部的要求。这位继承人坚持：“吾嗣皇帝位，非皇子也”。我是来当皇帝的，怎么能以皇太子的身份入宫呢？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　双方僵持不下的时候，皇太后妥协了：皇位不可久虚，百官即日于城外上表劝进。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">4<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">28<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日正午，朱厚熜如愿由大明门正中御路进宫继位，年号嘉靖。这场牵动朝野的礼仪之争，暂时告一段落。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这场较量中，大臣敢于与即将继位的皇帝抗衡，而朱厚熜也甘愿冒着失去皇位的危险固执己见，难道仅仅只是为了一套礼仪程序吗？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在礼仪之后，究竟隐藏着什么样的秘密呢？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1661<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，即顺治十八年，正月初七，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">24<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的顺治皇帝去世。在弥留之际，口授遗诏，将皇位传给八岁的儿子玄烨。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　两天后，正月初九，是玄烨登极的日子。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　登极大典是紫禁城最重要的仪式，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年只有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">20<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多次，真实的场景只有亲历者才能见到，却最能引发后人的无限想象。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这将是清入关后紫禁城举行的第二场登极大典。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　当年顺治登极，正是明朝灭亡，李自成败退，紫禁城多处损毁，只能一切从简。大典没有按传统在太和殿举行，移到了太和门。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　经过十几年征战，经营，当玄烨登极时国家基本稳定，已经可以按典章制度举办一场完备的大典了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而大典应如何操办？大典程序，卤簿仪仗，人员站位等如何安排？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是摆在清初礼仪官面前的一道课题。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　其实，所有的大典细节，在历代的宫廷文档中，都有明晰的记录。即使改朝换代，除了服饰以外，主要的典礼环节，都不会有太大的区别。对于清代礼仪官来说，明朝遗留的典章制度文献——《明会典》，就是最好的范本。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　今天，当我们试图再现清代登极大典的时候，《清会典》也为我们提供了所有重要的线索。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　登极大典前，皇帝亲自或者派遣官员先到天坛、地坛、太庙、社稷坛，向天，地，祖先等通报一番。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　典礼的当天，皇家侍卫严密驻守紫禁城各道大门。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　天还没亮，王公大臣都已经穿戴朝服，依次进入紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和门外，陈设着皇帝的步辇，太和门屋檐下，陈设着丹陛大乐的乐队。太和殿屋檐下，陈设着中和韶乐的乐队。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿广场东西两侧，陈设着旌旗，伞盖等卤簿仪仗。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　太和殿所有的大门都打开了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　大学士会同礼部官员进入太和殿，分别将皇帝登极的诏书，写有贺辞的表文，笔墨纸砚等放置在不同的桌案上。大学士到乾清门取出皇帝玉玺，送到太和殿皇帝宝座正南方的桌案上。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　一切都准备好了，这时，八岁的玄烨身穿白色孝服，在乾清门内，父亲顺治的灵位前行三跪九叩大礼，把自己即将登极的消息亲口禀告。接着，来到乾清宫侧殿更换皇帝礼服，穿戴整齐后，再到皇太后的宫殿里行三跪九叩礼。这时乾清宫中门垂下帘子，示意先帝的丧事暂停。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　天色渐亮，皇帝由乾清门左旁门出，前往中和殿。在中和殿宝座就座，那些即将在典礼中指挥引导的各级官员提前向皇帝行三跪九叩大礼。在接下来的仪式中，他们就可以免礼，而专心忙于工作了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　玄烨终于坐到了太和殿宝座上。此后，在这个位置上，他坐了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">61<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城最重要的大典，今天已经难以如实还原。而宫廷绘画中也根本没有登极大典的资料。我们在专家指导下，从故宫博物院收藏的有关宫廷其他典礼的画作提取素材，利用技术手段，通过情景再现，动画合成的方法拼接而成了康熙登极大典的盛况。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　笼罩在先帝丧礼气息中的登极大典，气氛肃穆。中和韶乐和丹陛大乐陈设但并不演奏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而当这些乐器奏响的时候，紫禁城也就迎来了重要的盛典。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　对于紫禁城来说，每年都有三个最重大的典礼。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　农历正月初一，古称元旦。这是新年开始的第一天，王公大臣，外国使节在这一天向皇帝进献贺辞，其礼仪程序与登极大典相似，气氛却喜庆轻松了许多。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　皇帝的生日，古称万寿节，是个全国性的节日。这一天，京城的匠人们用彩画，布匹等将主要街道包装得绚丽多姿，到处歌舞升平。各地文武百官，设置香案，向京城方向行大礼。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　冬至，是紫禁城另一个大节日。这一天，北半球太阳角度最低，因而是阳光照射进太和殿最深的一天。在<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2004<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年冬至日，我们采用特殊的摄影方法，记录了一年中太和殿最难得一见的景观。在冬至这一天，阳光可以反射到大殿正中的匾额上。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　古人认为，冬至是阴阳转枢的日子，这一天之后，阴气渐消，阳气渐长。冬至，皇帝到天坛祭天，第二天就在太和殿里接受文武百官的朝贺。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　中国礼制可上溯周代。《周礼
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">大宗伯之职》将礼仪总括为吉礼，嘉礼，凶礼，军礼，宾礼五类。号称”经礼三百，曲礼三千”，上至天子，下至庶民，礼可谓无处不在，无时不有。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　作为最高礼仪活动上演地，紫禁城的建筑处处显示了规范礼仪的作用。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　试想当年一位第一次步入紫禁城参加大典的外国使节，他走过开阔而漫长的天安门广场，穿过幽深的天安门门洞，午门广场两侧的朝房使通往紫禁城的道路显得狭长。从午门侧门入宫后，眼前豁然开朗，穿越太和门一侧，他忽然看到一片极度开阔的广场，广场尽头是高高在上，金壁辉煌的太和殿。此刻，恐怕在这位使节心中，不得不由衷产生敬畏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　沿着中轴线的御道出入午门，是皇帝和大婚时皇后的特权。但每隔几年，就会有一次破例。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　一年之际在于春。阳春三月，是一年中孕育希望的季节。而对于一些中国人来说，一生的希望，也是在这个时刻孕育的。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　经过层层选拔，一些读书人即将步入紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　每三年一次的殿试，是古代中国科举考试的最后一道关口。事实上，所有有资格步入紫禁城参加殿试的考生，已经在先前的过关斩将中取得了贡士称号。这场在皇宫里举行的考试，会让每个考生感受到成为天子门生的无上光荣。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是清朝乾隆年间一份殿试答卷，考生以工整的楷书完成皇帝亲自拟定的考题，在太阳落山前交卷，卷首写有考生的年龄，籍贯，本人，父亲，祖父的名字，身份，参加科举考试的经历。之后严密封存。先由读卷大臣精选出<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">份最好的，在第三天黎明呈交皇帝亲自审阅，由皇帝决定最终名次。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1790<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年之前明清两代殿试，都是在太和殿广场露天举行，乾隆年间改在保和殿内举行，以此显示皇帝对于考生的关怀。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　殿试后的第五天，是公布成绩的日子，叫做传胪。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在中国第一历史档案馆，我们找到了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1904<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年中国最后一次殿试的金榜，当年共有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">273<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">人参加，一些著名历史人物谭延闿、沈钧儒等人榜上有名，末代状元为刘春霖。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　传胪是紫禁城重要的典礼。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙六年的状元缪彤在日记中这样记录了当天的情形：”当天天气微寒，五鼓时分，我和各位进士跪在太和殿前等候传胪。前一天已经有传言，某某人是状元，某某人榜眼，某某人探花。我已经没有希望了，不过是跟着参加仪式罢了。传胪开始，上面喊第一甲第一名竟是我，每喊一次名字，就奏乐一番，我怀疑听错了，不敢出列。最后是礼部官拉着我出来。于是，我和榜眼，探花三人，跟随礼部官员捧着黄榜沿着御道，从午门中门出宫。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这一天，三位幸运儿得以享用了只有皇帝和皇后才能走过的道路，从午门中门出宫。这一定是天下读书人梦境中最漫长的一段路。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 10:49:00

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 10:51:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第四集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">指点江山(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城有上万个门。每天早上，一些门被打开，成千上万的游客来来往往。而在过去，这里来往的都是声名显赫的王公贵族。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1861<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年农历十一月初一，这一天的上朝仪式将与以往不同，它在紫禁城的历史上也是第一次，这个仪式叫做“垂帘听政”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　养心殿是紫禁城中部偏西的一座毫不起眼的宫殿，也是紫禁城里最神秘的宫殿之—，从雍正以后，这里成为中国的政治决策中心。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　就在垂帘听政的前一天，惠亲王绵愉收到一份上谕，特许他在“垂帘听政”的仪式里免除礼仪。因为绵愉在皇亲贵族里辈分最高，而这次让他觉得新鲜的是，这个叫做“垂帘”的上朝仪式，和他们所熟悉的祖制究竟有什么不同？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　明代以来，皇帝平时召见大臣、处理国事的方式大同小异，叫做“御门听政”或者“御殿听政”。也就是我们熟悉的上朝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　乾清门广场把紫禁城分为“外朝”和“内廷”。外朝又叫前朝，内廷又叫后宫，明朝的日常政务都在前朝举行，而清代的政务中心却移到了后宫。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　明代上朝的时候大臣们从南城、东城出发，先到午门，经过金水桥到皇极门，就是今天的太和门。皇帝的路线是从居住的乾清宫来到皇极殿，或者皇极门，大约<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多米的路程。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　清朝时大臣由东华门进入紫禁城，穿过景运门来到乾清门，而皇帝从乾清宫到乾清门仅有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">米的距离。明清相比：清朝皇帝走的路比明朝皇帝近得多。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　听政仪式从前朝转移到后宫，隐含着明清<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年间中国政治制度的变化。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　据大明会典记载：早朝时，大臣必须午夜起床，穿越半个京城前往午门。凌晨<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">点，大臣到达午门外等候。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　当午门城楼上的鼓敲响时，大臣就要排好队伍；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　钟声响起时，宫门开启。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　百官依次进入，过金水桥在广场整队。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　官员中若有咳嗽、吐痰或步履不稳重的都会被负责纠察的御史记录下来，听候处理。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　通常，皇帝驾临太和门或者太和殿，百官行一跪三叩头礼。四品以上的官员才有机会与皇上对话，大臣向皇帝报告政务，皇帝则提出问题或者做出答复。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1498<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年秋末的一天，宫中失火，弘治皇帝彻夜未眠，请求免朝一日。此时的弘治皇帝不来上朝还向大臣请个假，而在十几年之后的正德皇帝连招呼都不打，让大臣们白白地等了一整天，直到傍晚才宣布“今日免朝”。饥渴难耐的大臣们急于回家，午门内外乱成一团，有一名将军竟然被活活挤死在禁门。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　皇帝疏于朝政，这在明朝绝不是个别现象。明朝万历年间，大臣们竟然有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">20<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年没有在朝堂上见过他们的皇帝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　明朝时，即使皇帝不上朝理政，国家机器也能依靠一班大臣和一整套政务流程维持正常运转。清朝则与明朝不同，大臣们只是奉命办事，皇帝则往往是事必躬亲，因此勤政成为大多数清朝皇帝的特点。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在乾清门广场旁边的工艺品商店在过去叫做九卿房，是清朝大臣等候上朝的地方，公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1861<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年农历十一月初一，绵愉和大臣们就在这里等待这次
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“垂帘听政”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　历史上，每当皇权受到威胁的时候，一些非常手段的采用就成为必然。“垂帘听政”只是以特殊手段维护皇权的一个特例罢了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　从明到清<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年间，紫禁城逐渐被建成举世无双的皇宫，中国的封建集权也历经兴衰终于走到尽头。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在中国历史上，人们熟知的宰相一词，是明朝以前的产物，那时，宰相是文武百官的总头目，甚至皇帝的诏书没有宰相的签字就不能生效。而自从有了宰相，相权和君权一直存在矛盾。朱元璋建立明朝后废除了宰相，着手建立一套新的政治权力体系。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1402<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，刚从自己的侄子手里夺过皇位的明成祖，为了巩固权力，做出两个重大决定，一是把首都迁到自己的势力范围北京，二，成立内阁，这样，一个国事咨询机构正式建立了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　过去，宰相拥有决策权、议政权和行政权，明成祖成立内阁以后，把原来宰相拥有的决策权牢牢把持在自己手中，议政权分给内阁，行政权分给六部。地方上分三司，分管司法、军事、行政，直接对六部负责。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在明成祖掌控之下，内阁与六部各司其职，国家最高行政命令从紫禁城发出，通过全国<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1936<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">处驿站，全长<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">143700<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">公里的驿道，层层下发到帝国每一个角落。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　后来，明宣宗时期形成了更为完善的政务流程：全国大大小小的奏章，甚至老百姓给皇帝提出的建议，都由通政使司汇总，司礼监呈报皇帝过目，再交到内阁，内阁负责草拟处理意见，再由司礼监把意见呈报皇上批准，最后由六科校对下发。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　内阁大臣的建议是写在一张纸上，贴在奏章上面，这叫做“票拟”。而皇帝用红字做批示，称为“批红”。按照规定，皇帝仅仅批写几本，大多数的“批红”由司礼监的太监按照皇帝的意思代笔。以往，太监读书识字是被严令禁止的。明宣宗不仅改了这个规矩，而且在他的鼓励下，宫里还成立了专门的太监学堂。后人猜测：明宣宗这一做法，其目的就是让太监牵制内阁的权力。久而久之，一种奇怪的政治格局出现了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　我们发现明朝内廷、外廷的机构完全对称。外有内阁，内有司礼监，外有三法司，内有东厂、锦衣卫，外廷有派往地方的总督、巡抚，而内廷派往地方的也有镇守太监、守备太监等等。这样，内廷、外廷相互制约，才能确保皇帝的决策地位。但是，这也造成了内外两大政治势力的争权夺利。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城东部的这片建筑在明代叫做文渊阁。明朝的内阁就设在这里。在明朝万历年间，内阁首辅张居正让这个紫禁城里最不起眼的房子成为声名显赫的所在。在文渊阁办公的内阁成为实际上的政务决策者。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　表面上，例行的政务流程似乎并没有改变，但决策权却出现了转移。张居正是如何做到这一点的呢？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　首先，当时的万历皇帝还是个孩子，张居正身为皇帝的老师，很容易影响皇帝的决策。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　再者，万历的“批红”是在司礼监冯保指导下完成，而冯保跟张居正关系密切。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　张居正把自己的意见授意他人，写成奏章，再由自己“票拟”赞同。幼年皇帝的批红自然毫无问题。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　就这样，大臣的“奏章”，阁臣的“票拟”，皇帝的
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“批红”，由张居正一手操控，达到空前一致。他的新政也就毫无障碍地顺利推进。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　自从司礼监掌握了“批红”权，就给太监涉政提供了契机，在此之后，太监和内阁之间的争权夺利此消彼长，终于在公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1506<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年达到白热化。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这一年秋末的一天，司礼监的太监一反常态，在乾清宫与内阁之间不停奔走。原来，太监刘瑾的权势越来越大，内阁决定弹劾刘瑾，但是正德皇帝没有明确表态。内阁大臣决定在第二天上朝时决一死战。刘瑾不除，内阁将全体辞职。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　第二天，在太和门外，朝会如期举行，正德皇帝没有来，刘瑾却出现了。这时的刘瑾不仅仅是掌管马匹的头目了，他已经被皇帝任命为司礼监总管。皇帝终于和内阁翻脸了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　其实，太监的后台就是皇帝，弹劾皇帝宠信的太监，就是威胁皇权，这是皇帝所不能容忍的。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　从这一天开始，全国所有重要公文先要送给刘瑾，他过目后才能发到六部和内阁。那么刘瑾如何越过皇帝“批红”这一关呢？正德皇帝喜欢玩乐，每天骑马、玩鹰，还在后宫开办集市，自己扮作商人取乐，刘瑾就专找皇帝玩兴正浓之际汇报公务，每次，皇帝都会很不耐烦地说：这些事也要来烦我吗？于是，刘瑾就堂而皇之地代替皇帝批红。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　我们不知道明朝的大臣经过午门的时候会不会不寒而栗，刘瑾上台后曾在此先后“杖责”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">23<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">位大臣。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　据说“廷杖”分“用心打”和“着实打”。被“用心打”的，弄不好就会残废；而被“着实打”的，绝无生还之理。轻重程度，只要查看一下监刑官的脚尖就知道：脚尖张开，不至于把人打死；脚尖并拢，那就棍棍要人命。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　至此，宦官在明朝政治上占有举足轻重的地位。到了天启年间，太监专权达到了极点，宫廷中竟有十万名太监。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　那时侯，天启皇帝经常睡不好觉，因为住在不远处的太监总管魏忠贤起得很早，洗脸的时候敲的铜盆叮当乱响，根本不把皇帝放在眼里。当时的魏忠贤先是被人称为千岁，后来变为九千岁，最后居然成了九千九百岁。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　自明初以来，明朝的政务中心就在紫禁城这几个地方转换，权力的交替，左右着明朝的国运。宫闱重重之中、争权夺权的阴谋时有发生。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　通过几代皇帝的努力，明朝曾经形成了一套完整的政务体系，它在权力平衡方面堪称完善，后来，它被西方人学习，形成了后来的内阁制和首相制。在中国明朝成化年间开始出现的内阁首辅，就是首相的雏形。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　然而，这套制度在明朝末期已经变得面目全非，而缺乏完善制度支撑的王朝就像一座将要倒塌的大厦，绝非一己之力能够挽回。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　崇祯二年，皇太极率十万骑兵，绕开了袁崇焕把守的山海关，攻打遵化，偷袭北京。袁崇焕急报北京，同时迅速回防。崇祯帝却猜疑他要和皇太极共谋京师，清退兵之后，袁崇焕死于非命。从那以后，出现了明军整支部队投降清军的现象。辽东明军皆言：“以督师之忠，尚不能自免，我辈在此何为？”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　史书记载：李自成攻破北京城的前一天，崇祯在乾清宫敲钟召集大臣，但是没有召来一个人。明朝<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">200<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年的历史在这一刻走到了终结。崇祯皇帝在景山上最后看了一眼辉煌的紫禁城，在农民起义军攻城的呐喊声中结束了自己的生命。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　明朝被李自成推翻仅一个多月后，清军攻入了北京，紫禁城换了主人。然而，和这座皇宫一样，皇权，在中国最后一个封建王朝中依然延续，而且越发凸现。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-4 10:52:00

爱屋及乌 发表于 2006-11-6 12:36:00

楼主大牛人!

墨尔根觉罗永宁 发表于 2006-11-6 12:37:00

楼主辛苦了

小鱼的理想 发表于 2006-11-6 13:23:00

辛苦辛苦，喝杯茶，休息休息吧

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 00:44:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第五集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">家国之间(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　这是一座已经存在了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年的老宅院。曾经住过两家人，一家姓朱，一家姓爱新觉罗。关于这座宅院里的生活，传说很多，真正知道的人，很少。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1900<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">14<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日，北京被八国联军攻破。光绪皇帝逃离了紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而他最喜爱的妃子，在这一天死去了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　关于珍妃的死因，宫廷的官方文件只有简单的几句话——在这份慈禧太后亲自签发的懿旨中，这样写道“上年京师之变，仓猝之中珍妃扈从不及即于宫内殉难，洵属节烈可嘉，加恩著追赠贵妃”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而另一种说法来自太监崔玉贵。在珍妃死亡事件里，崔玉贵扮演了至关重要的角色。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">14<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日下午，崔玉贵接到慈禧的命令，将几年来一直幽禁在冷宫的珍妃带到颐和轩。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　慈禧对珍妃说：“洋人要打进城了，我们要避一避，带着你走不方便。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　珍妃说：“您可以避一避，可以留皇上坐镇京师，维持大局。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　慈禧大声呵斥说：“你死到临头还敢胡说。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　珍妃说：“我没有应死的罪。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　慈禧说：“不管你有罪没罪，也得死。把她扔到井里去。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　沿着珍妃在宫中的足迹，我们将渐渐解开皇宫生活的神秘面纱。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　古人仰观天象，最亮的星是紫微星，紫微星周围的星宿环绕而成紫微垣，这里是传说中天帝一家的居所。皇帝自称天子，紫微垣在人间的投影，就是皇帝一家的居所——紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是一幅展现大年初一紫禁城盛大朝会的画卷。满朝王公大臣，来自世界各地的使节，都守候在太和殿广场上，人们等待着典礼的开始。然而，太和殿宝座上空空荡荡，皇帝在哪里呢？<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　越过层层宫墙，我们看到了一个与前朝大不相同的后宫。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这里，皇子皇孙像宫外的孩子一样，热衷着放鞭炮的游戏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这里，皇后嫔妃像宫外的母亲一样，关爱着自己的孩子。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这里，皇帝像宫外的父亲一样，享受着天伦之乐。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　紫禁城以乾清门为界，南面为前朝，北面后宫。后宫由乾清宫，坤宁宫，交泰殿以及东西各六宫组成，这里就是皇帝的家。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　皇帝寝宫为乾清宫，皇后为坤宁宫，乾清宫与坤宁宫之间是交泰殿。意味着“乾为天，坤为地，天地交泰，阴阳和合”。紫禁城宫殿的文饰图案，到交泰殿第一次出现了凤。东西六宫的名称，也大多暗喻男女交合，生儿育女。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1888<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年冬天，来自全国的妙龄少女汇聚在御花园。她们将有人成为大清国的皇后。此刻，她们都被称为“秀女”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　中国历代的后妃，大多来自贵族权臣之家。然而，为了巩固皇权的联姻，往往潜伏着更大的政治危机。到了明代，为了防范外戚干权，朱元璋一改旧俗，明文规定皇室后妃应选自民间。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　清朝入关后，皇帝的后妃主要来源于八旗秀女。顺治朝规定，凡满蒙汉八旗官员的女儿，年龄在<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">13<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">到<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁之间，都要参加每三年一届的选秀。其中不仅产生皇后嫔妃，也为皇子皇孙，亲王郡王等皇家宗室物色福晋。超过<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁又一直未被选中的才可以另行婚配。严格的制度确保了皇族婚配的优先权。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　经过反复选看，五位女孩幸运地走到了最后一关。他们是慈禧太后的弟弟副都统桂祥的女儿；江西巡抚德馨的两个女儿；礼部左侍郎长叙的两个女儿。但她们可能并不知道，真正决定命运的却是皇帝身后的这个女人。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　光绪选后的情景，在场的太监唐冠卿有过细致的描述：“选后是在体和殿，事前准备了玉如意一柄，绣花荷包两对，谁收到玉如意就是皇后，收到荷包为嫔妃。光绪手持玉如意来到德馨的长女面前，刚要交给，慈禧太后大声说：‘皇帝’，并暗示光绪将玉如意交给桂祥的女儿。光绪无奈，只好照办。慈禧强迫光绪选择了并不喜欢的皇后，又担心德馨的女儿，一旦选入嫔妃，必有夺宠之忧，于是不让光绪自己再选，直接授意将荷包交给长叙的两个女儿。”<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　令光绪一见钟情的女人落选了，慈禧的侄女叶赫纳拉氏成为光绪的皇后，长叙的两个女儿成为珍妃和瑾妃。他们的命运在刹那间发生了巨变。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这些嫁入紫禁城的女人，被分为若干等级居住在不同的宫殿里。明代有十二等。清代康熙年间，后妃定为八等，即皇后一人，皇贵妃一人，贵妃二人，妃四人，嫔六人，以下另有贵人、常在、答应三级，人无定数。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这就是民间流传的三宫六院七十二嫔妃了。事实上，每位皇帝的后妃数量相差很多。康熙一生有后妃<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">79<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">人，而光绪只有一后二妃<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">人。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　什么人能够成为后宫之主的皇后？第一次大婚的皇子或少年皇帝作不了主，决定权在深谋远虑的父皇，母后或皇太后那里。最后胜出者往往不是最有魅力的那一个，而是皇家对权力格局通盘考虑后，认为最合适的那一个。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元一八八九年正月二十七日子刻，隆裕皇后的凤舆从自家府邸出发，前往紫禁城。光绪皇帝大婚正式开始。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　洞房设在坤宁宫。这座明朝皇后的寝宫，自清朝入关后，被改为祭神和节庆朝贺的地方。宫廷举行大婚时，东暖阁就是新婚帝后的洞房，他们将在这里共度三天。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这一天，对于光绪来说，不仅意味着成为一个女人的丈夫，也意味着他将成为这个国家的真正主人。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　因为慈禧太后刚刚向外界宣布，光绪皇帝大婚礼成，慈禧就将结束垂帘听政。这一幕，光绪已经等待了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">15<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1874<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">12<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">日夜，四岁的载湉被送入紫禁城。几个时辰前，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">19<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的同治皇帝抱病身亡。同治没有子女，载湉以其堂弟的身份入主皇宫。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这个孩子在睡梦中离开了温暖的家，成为了光绪皇帝，开始了长达<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">34<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年哀伤的生涯。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　位于故宫东部的毓庆宫，曾经是清代皇太子在宫中的居所。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　光绪<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁，到了学习如何作皇帝的年龄。而少年天子的课堂，就在毓庆宫。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　清代的皇子们，只有在幼年时期才能住在东西六宫享受父母之爱。十岁迁出后宫，暂居毓庆宫或更为偏远的南三所。受封亲王后便彻底迁出紫禁城，到父皇赏赐的王府居住。皇子们对于宫廷最为深刻的记忆，恐怕就是读书生活了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　每天天还没亮，皇子就进入书房，随师傅作诗文，学习儒家经典。又有满族师傅教授满语，骑射等，直到黄昏才结束。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　清代皇子教育的勤勉不怠，也许是吸取了紫禁城上一代主人——明朝皇室的教训。明代皇太子虽然也有出阁讲学制度，但并不严格，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而清代<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">12<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">位皇帝，尽管其天赋，机遇大不相同，但绝大多数都称得上勤政，严谨的皇子教育制度，功不可没。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　读书声中，光绪一天天长大了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在紫禁城里，这个小院并不起眼，但却是中轴线外最受欢迎的景区。自雍正以后历代清帝的卧室，就坐落在这个有些局促的院落里。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是今天我们能够看到的惟一一处中国皇帝的寝宫，基本保留了光绪皇帝居住时的原貌。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　很多人会惊讶于它的狭小，紫禁城的肇建者只是把它当成一座临时休息的地方。当它贵为皇帝寝宫后，为了使自己的卧室能与天子的威仪相称，便在房内的陈设上极尽奢华。据清同治二年《养心殿寝宫陈设档》记载，当时这里的陈设品共有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">724<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">件。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在养心殿寝宫东西两侧，各有一套卧床。据说，东边的床是备皇后来住时睡用的，西边则是为妃子备用。又说，皇帝为了预防刺客，总在入寝时把两张床的幔帐同时放下，谁也不知道他究竟睡在哪张床上。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 00:45:00

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 00:46:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第六集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫藏瓷(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　这里是故宫博物院东南角的南三所。它曾经是紫禁城里皇子居住读书的地方。故宫博物院的古器物部就在这里办公。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这位叫耿宝昌的老人，已经<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">84<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁了。他已经在故宫工作了将近<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年。在这<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年里，他每天最重要的工作，就是研究瓷器、鉴定瓷器、抚摸这些瓷器。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　瓷器，是我们这个善于创造，并深赋美感的民族曾经所独有的。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　它有火的刚烈、水的优雅、土的敦厚。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　中国人把那个看似普通的泥土，在水与火的灵动下，在中国人心灵与精神的升华中，成就出这种美丽的器皿。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　它曾经是武则天供奉佛指舍利的至尊之器；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　是宋徽宗宫廷院落中雅致的摆设；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　是元世祖进行东西方贸易的贵重商品；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　是永乐皇帝赐予外国使臣的珍贵礼物；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　是雍正皇帝亲自参与创作和设计的艺术品；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　也是中国每一个老百姓生活中不可或缺的东西；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　更是这个世界上最大的宫殿中无处不见的珍宝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　它跨越千年的时空，成为今天紫禁城里人类共同的文化遗产。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　如今在这座博物馆里所收藏的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">150<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">万件文物中，约<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">35<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">万件是瓷器。据耿宝昌先生自己介绍说，这些瓷器他都曾亲自鉴定过。而在这其中，和他最有缘分的，是一对高不过两寸的小瓷杯。它是明成化斗彩三秋杯，是故宫博物院里最珍贵的藏品之一。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">70<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年前，当耿宝昌先生在琉璃厂的古玩店作学徒时，就曾和它有过一面之交。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这对瓷杯最初的主人，是统治大明帝国的成化皇帝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　据传说，明成化十七年，也就是公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1481<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年。主持日常朝政的大臣们，已经很久没有见到他们的皇帝了。此时的皇帝朱见深，经常和自己最宠爱的万贵妃，在后宫里寻欢作乐。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　为了讨这个比自己大<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">岁的女人的欢心，成化皇帝命令景德镇的工匠，特制出一种小巧玲珑的酒杯给她把玩。这种绘有子母鸡图案的，叫成化斗彩鸡缸杯，目前世界上仅存十几只。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而绘有蝴蝶、兰花和小草图案的成化斗彩三秋杯则更为珍贵。世界上保存完好的仅有一对儿，现在珍藏在故宫博物院。这些小小的杯子一出世不久，就被当时的文人，称赞为天下酒器中的极品，其鲜嫩而淡雅的风格旷绝古今。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　时间已经过去了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">500<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年，成化皇帝和万贵妃曾经把玩过的这些瓷器，有的至今仍然收藏在这座宫殿里，有的已经散落在世界的不同角落。现在故宫博物院收藏的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">35<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">万件瓷器中，绝大多数都是这座宫殿曾经所独有的，这些瓷器与生活在这座宫殿里不同时代的主人，发生过很多的故事。斗转星移之间，它们大都成为了今天我们中国人，引以为豪的经典艺术品。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　它是温润的玉，它是晶莹的冰，它是山水之间的青翠。这是中国历代文人雅士，对这种瓷器的赞美。它就是秘色瓷。这是今天故宫博物院收藏到的，最早为皇宫专用的瓷器。在将近数百年的时间里，关于这种瓷器，有很多神秘的传说。关于它是否存在，关于它的来历和名称，曾经众说纷纭无有定论。直到<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1987<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">13<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">件秘色瓷，在陕西法门寺地宫出土，这种争论才结束。目前仅存于世的秘色瓷数量尚无考证，故宫博物院在新中国成立后，收购有<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">件藏品。这种神秘的瓷器，即便是明清两代的皇帝，也难以见到它的真容。乾隆皇帝曾经做诗感叹：李唐越器人间无，赵宋官窑辰星看。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在中国古代历史上，最稀少和最美的东西，往往会被皇家垄断。明洪武二年，御窑厂正式在景德镇设置。这是中国历史上，第一家真正意义上的官窑。它由朝廷督办，集中全国最好的工匠，用最好的瓷土，专门生产皇家使用的瓷器。这些瓷器禁止民间使用和买卖，烧制手段和配方对外严格保密。贫穷出身的朱元璋，也就是在设置官窑的这一年，出于节约的目的，规定将祭拜天地的礼器，改为瓷器。过去这些礼器，都是用金银器和玉器制作的。后来
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">明成祖朱棣，带头将吃饭使用的玉碗换成瓷碗，还将随葬时的明器，对海外臣国的赏赐换成了瓷器。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是收藏在故宫博物院的明永乐青花压手杯。在它的内底，写有“永乐年制”的字样。这是中国官窑瓷器上，第一次出现皇帝的年款。从此以后，新皇帝登基，都会在他新烧的瓷器上，写上自己的年号。这也成为中国官窑瓷器，最显著的特征之一。在皇帝的提倡和带动下，明朝瓷器的烧造水平又得以提高，并开始大规模生产。那个时候，景德镇“工匠四方来
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">器成天下走”，成为中国制瓷业的中心。一位到过景德镇的法国传教士，形容其制瓷的壮观场面“白天浓烟遮蔽了云彩，晚上窑火映红了夜空”。那些烧制好的瓷器，将被带到世界上各个文明地带。那些从扬州、广州、泉州出发的，中国的、波斯的、葡萄牙的和以后英国的船队，满载着瓷器，驶向印度、阿拉伯半岛、欧洲、甚至非洲。也就是在这个时候，在这里烧造的最精美、品质最高贵的瓷器，却只会运往一个地方，这就是北京紫禁城。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这些瓷器，就是当年从景德镇运到皇宫的，明代官窑瓷器。现在故宫博物院不仅收藏着专为皇家烧制的御用瓷。也收藏着，元明时期向海外输出的贸易用瓷。这里最具代表性的就是青花瓷。这种白底蓝彩的瓷器淡雅青翠，被后世称为人间瑰宝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　公元<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2005<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">7<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">月，在英国佳士德拍卖会上，一件元代青花瓷，拍到了<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2?3<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">亿元人民币，这创造了亚洲艺术品拍卖的最高价格。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是现在藏于故宫博物院的元青花大盘。这是元青花釉里红镂雕盖罐。这种青花釉里红，比单色青花还要名贵和稀少。中国青花瓷起源于唐，兴盛于明。它的制造，到了明代，无论是数量还是品质，都达到了一个最高峰。这里最具代表性的，是故宫博物院藏的永乐宣德青花。永宣青花，采用郑和从西洋带回来的外来青料，俗称苏麻离青。用这种颜料能烧出浓艳的色彩，它在瓷器表面，烧成独特的斑点。形成了类似中国水墨画般的晕散效果。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　就是这一时期的青花瓷器，与茶叶、丝绸一起，作为最受欢迎的中国商品，运往亚欧非三大洲。从元到明，大规模的海外运输中，到底有多少艘运送中国瓷器的船只，被大西洋还有印度洋的波涛吞灭，已经无人所知。幽深的海底，沉睡着多少秘密，每次打捞，都有激动人心的发现，让人意外的惊喜。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　陶瓷质地脆弱，非常容易损坏。在高温烧制的过程中，发生的复杂变化，往往是难以预料和控制的。所以中国古人说，一件好的陶瓷烧成，要具备天时地利和人巧。一些器型、质地、图案和色彩俱佳的精品，甚至是工匠们终其一生而求之不得的。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　但精品依然流传到了今天。这就是故宫博物院收藏的，明代官窑最有代表性的瓷器。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　耗费很多人力物力烧造的官窑之作，据说稍有瑕疵便会被当场砸碎，就地掩埋。这是今天景德镇明代御窑厂的遗址。我们可以清晰地看到，埋藏在那个年代土壤里的，官窑青花碎片。而在紫禁城里埋藏碎瓷片，也曾经是太监们的一项日常工作。据记载明清时期，皇宫内所使用的瓷器，即使破损了，也不能随便处置。必须找专门的地方掩埋。不能有一片碎瓷流出宫外。故宫博物院成立后，在院内多处施工时。挖出过大量各个年代的，陶瓷器碎片，完全证实了这一记载。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这是位于故宫博物院北路的北五所。从故宫院内挖出的碎瓷片，已经成为陶瓷专家，研究古代陶瓷的最好标本。而清洗瓷片，也就成为故宫博物院古器物部陶瓷组，经常进行的主要工作之一。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　它为什么也不写字这个问题呀，康熙没款的东西，还是官窑还是民窑，历史上就没有把它弄清楚。在过去约定成俗的一句话叫客货，客货是什么，就是外销的东西了，等于外销瓷了，那不是官窑。有的说康熙时候，康熙皇帝本身啊，不愿意让写皇帝的年款。说这瓷器容易打碎，打碎以后当垃圾一样就扔了，把皇帝就扔了，所以康熙不好尊号。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　皇家之物就会被打上皇帝的印记，皇帝的审美情趣，性情爱好以及他的政治抱负，都会深深得影响不同时代瓷器的制作。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　大清顺治十八年正月初七，八岁的康熙皇帝刚刚登基。专管宫中事务的司礼大太监吴良辅，便被孝庄皇太后下令捕杀。由明朝设立的太监专权的十三衙门被撤销，另立内务府。内务府由皇上直接任命亲信管理，负责宫中的一切事物。内务府下设的造办处，掌管宫廷内一切器物的制造，下设如意馆、金玉作等几十个部门。瓷器的生产，则由内务府总管直接负责。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 00:48:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第六集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫藏瓷(2)<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">从康熙开始，清朝皇帝对瓷器烧造所投入的心血，远远地超出前朝君王。但康熙对中国瓷器最大的贡献是，他创造了世界上独一无二的珐琅彩瓷。那个时候，法国传教士进贡来一些铜胎画珐琅，让康熙皇帝几乎是一见钟情。他决定在宫中尝试制造，并将这种珐琅工艺，移植到他所喜爱的瓷器上。为了全力烧造珐琅彩瓷器，康熙皇帝在造办处下，专门设立了珐琅作。 　　瓷胎画珐琅的烧制方法，和其他瓷器都是不同的。它是唯一在皇宫中搭窑烧制的御用瓷器。当陶瓷的素胎在景德镇烧好后，再将素胎运至紫禁城内，由宫中画师画上图画，上好彩料，然后在宫中烧制。为了方便康熙随时亲临作坊巡视督察，烧制珐琅彩的小窑，搭设在了养心殿。一件瓷器，由皇帝直接授意，亲自过问并且就在皇宫内烧制完成，这在中国乃至世界是绝无先例的。 　　铜胎画珐琅来自西洋，康熙广为召集会画画的外国传教士。甚至每见到一个传教士，就会问他是否可以作画。如果回答是，那么这名传教士，就会被半强制地请进宫内，与工匠们一起烧造珐琅彩。康熙五十六年的三月，来自意大利的传教士马国贤，在写给欧洲同行的信中这样写道：皇上开始非常喜欢欧洲珐琅画，命欧洲画家来画珐琅，我们必须将一整天和卑贱的工匠们同作息，于是言称不曾学过画珐琅，而且也故意不学此技术。我们将画画的其劣无比，于是皇帝下旨作罢。在康熙皇帝的直接督管下，珐琅彩瓷器，终于在康熙去世前烧制成功。这一时期康熙珐琅彩，还是和铜胎画珐琅风格一致，图案多以花卉为主，珐琅颜料也全部依靠外国进口。 　　公元1723年，雍正皇帝继位。他继承了父亲的江山，也继承了康熙皇帝对珐琅彩的酷爱。但是在雍正六年以前，珐朗彩瓷器进展还是比较缓慢。主要是在康熙到雍正六年以前这段时间，珐朗彩瓷器用的珐琅料，还需从西洋进口，颜色也只有八九种。雍正皇帝登基以后，当时就让他最信赖的十三弟允祥，来负责内务府造办处的工作，也具体参与珐琅彩瓷器的烧造。到雍正六年，国产珐琅料终于炼成，而且它烧炼出来的花色品种比进口料还要多，足以保证珐琅彩瓷的创新需要。 　　雍正对珐琅彩瓷器的痴迷，比他的父亲康熙有过之而无不及。他在处理繁忙的政务之余，还经常亲自设计瓷器的样式。对使用的原料、绘画图案乃至器物的高矮尺寸，都要一一过问。 　　雍正六年二月十七日这一天，雍正皇帝处理了多件国家大事。上午他先到中和殿保和殿，检视第二天到先农坛祭祀的准备工作。回到养心殿后，他批阅了三份奏折，又发了两道谕旨。就是在这样繁忙的情况下，他还对珐琅器的器形、花样、材料，做出了细致的批示。 　　这是雍正时期珐琅彩瓷器，现在的研究者评价这些瓷器，淡雅、清新、有着隽永的审美。 　　他跟康熙时候的风格有所不同，基本上摆脱了铜胎珐琅彩的影响。这一时期的珐琅彩瓷，直接让当时著名的宫廷画家用珐琅料在白瓷胎上彩绘。在这些瓷器上，出现了中国传统文人所崇尚的梅兰竹菊和意境悠远的山水画。 　　在中国八千年延绵不断的陶瓷发展史上，珐琅彩瓷器是中国古陶瓷顶峰期的作品，它代表了中国陶瓷制作的最高水平。 　　雍正在信奉藏传佛教的同时，也深受道家文化的影响。他崇尚天人合一，追求古朴自然。所以，以沉静雅素为风格的宋瓷，深受雍正皇帝的喜爱。雍正对宫廷瓷器的另一个贡献，是他对宋五大名瓷的仿烧，达到了历史上的最高水平。 　　雍正八年八月初七这一天，他来到文华殿经筵讲学。而就在这一天，他还下令要求御窑厂仿烧宋代钧窑瓷器。 　　这就是雍正仿制的钧窑鼓钉洗。这是真正的宋钧窑鼓钉洗。 　　钧窑瓷器，以红蓝相间的钧红釉闻名于世。民间一直有“黄金有价钧无价，纵有家产万贯，不如钧瓷一片”，等等说法。 　　据传说宋徽宗曾做过一个梦，梦到了雨过天晴后天空的颜色，他非常喜欢。汝窑工匠按照他的要求，烧成了这种淡青色的瓷器。宋代五大名瓷中，传世最少的是汝瓷，全世界不足百件。北京故宫藏有20件，现在一部分在台北故宫，一部分散落在世界各地
。 　　明代《宣德鼎彝谱》中记载：内府所藏，柴汝官哥钧定。从这个记载中，后世得知，宋代有五大名瓷流传于世。紫禁城所藏的宋五大名瓷，曾为宋朝皇家御用珍瓷。 　　哥窑釉面布满开片，开片由深黑色大开片与褐黄色小开片交织而成，俗称金丝铁线。 　　官窑瓷器，以粉青釉色为最大特点，造型典雅古朴。 　　定窑是宋代五大名窑中，唯一一个烧白瓷的瓷窑。定窑瓷器讲究刻花印花装饰，它的印花水平居宋代各窑之首。 　　这些瓷器，目前是故宫最珍贵的藏品之一。它们是中国瓷器制造史上的第一个历史高峰。 　　中国瓷器的工艺水平，在清朝康雍乾时期达到了又一个高峰。当雍正的儿子乾隆即位后正经历着中国封建王朝最后一个太平盛世。而这个时候，作为陶瓷中心的景德镇人口竟达百万。而为皇家制瓷的御窑厂作坊多达23个。 　　乾隆三年，他命宫廷画家为他绘制《陶冶图册》。这本图册详细得纪录了御窑厂的生产状况，展示了乾隆官窑开发的新技术。对官窑瓷器生产的二十个工序，进行了详细地描述，将整个官窑烧制流程规范化了。乾隆以帝王之尊，亲自策划陶瓷的生产。包含着乾隆想表达亲民勤政，以德治理天下的政治理想。 　　祀神酬愿，是《陶冶图册》中记载的，陶瓷生产中很重要的一道工序。关于这个工序，曾有这样一个传说。明万历年间，根据朝廷命令，烧制大龙缸，每每失败。期限将至，工匠将受到惩罚。一个叫童宾的工匠心忧如焚，为救这些人，自已跳进窑火中，大龙缸终于烧成。 　　后人为了纪念他，供奉其为窑神。每次烧窑前，都要烧香祀拜，以求保佑烧窑成功。 　　《陶冶图册》上的这些文字，是一个叫唐英的督陶官奉命撰写的。唐英十三岁起在养心殿做杂役，他善画能诗，还擅长编写剧本。雍正六年，唐英因办事干练受到赏识，而被派驻景德镇御窑厂监督窑务，做督陶官年希尧的助手。他用三年的时间，谢绝一切社会活动，和工匠们同吃同睡，苦心钻研。在雍正九年的时候，他已经从一个外行变成技艺精湛的陶瓷业专家。 　　在乾隆二年，唐英成为正式的督陶官。他督导陶务前后二十多年，在这期间景德镇所制的陶瓷，被后人公认是瓷中珍品。无论在品种的仿古创新方面，还是在器物的制作技艺方面，都达到了空前未有的水平。唐英因此而成为历史上最不同凡响的督陶官。 　　这是故宫博物院所藏的，乾隆时期唐英督制的瓷器。 　　乾隆时期，陶瓷生产的管理更为严格。尤其是对督陶官的要求甚严，颇似今天的问责制。 　　那个时候，即使像唐英这样的人，也会动辄受罚。 　　乾隆十三年，年已66岁的唐英，接到了乾隆皇帝的圣旨：此次唐英进呈瓷器，仍系旧样，为何不照所发新样烧造进呈。将这次呈进瓷器钱粮，不准报销，著伊赔补。 　　结果这次烧造的四百六十七件瓷器，所有的费用全部由唐英自掏腰包。 　　这是唐英进呈的创新之作：粉青釉交泰瓶。“交泰”是取《易经》中，天地交泰，即天地相交，时运亨通之意。它上下两部分互相勾套，既可活动，又不能拆开。 　　这件粉青釉交泰瓶，保存在北京故宫博物院。这一件也是唐英烧制的，粉彩八卦如意转心交泰瓶，现在收藏在台北故宫博物院。 　　这是乾隆粉彩镂空转心瓶。这个转心瓶由三部分组成，除瓶体外其他部分都可以转动。特别是颈部的转动部分，与瓶体构成了一部天干地支的万年历，既美观又实用。 　　乾隆本人表现于瓷器的关心，其实与他关注别的文化事业一样，强烈希望创造非凡与超前的理念。乾隆皇帝无微不至的参与和督陶官的努力，使得乾隆官窑出现许多创新之作。 　　这是景德镇御窑厂为乾隆皇帝烧制的一件，中国陶瓷史上空前绝后的作品。这个高将近87公分的大瓷瓶，被称为瓷母。它总共汇集了15种釉彩，16道纹饰，彩绘12幅吉祥图案。 　　此前历朝历代都未能烧制成的，这样硕大且工艺复杂的精美器物，扣合着乾隆皇帝，对自己“十全老人”的评价。 　　当乾隆拥有这件登峰造极之作时，他自己统治的这个帝国，正创造着中国历史上，文化和艺术的一处高峰。他拥有的疆土如此广大，生活在这片土地上的民族，如此多姿多彩。但是随后的五十年内，这个王朝将面临从未有过的困境和灾难。他的儿孙们，不再享有天朝大国的安宁和富强。一个王朝的败亡很快到来，在此后的岁月中，中国的宫廷御制瓷器每况愈下。直到宣统三年，清朝灭亡，官窑生产成为历史。而紫禁城所拥有的，跨越千年历史的瓷器珍宝，也在这个历史的动荡中，开始散落。 　　从清末开始，一大批藏于深宫的瓷器珍品，先后流失。历经战乱、坎坷，辗转国内、海外，留下许多人与物之间，情感与缘分的故事。 　　当成化斗彩三秋杯，从宫廷流入民间后，耿宝昌与它的第一次接触，就发生在二十世纪三十年代的那个乱世之秋。二十年之后，耿宝昌与稀世珍宝三秋杯，再次相逢。也就是在那个时期，故宫博物院的瓷器收藏，又开始了新的一页。从新中国成立后，先后有两万多件瓷器，陆续收藏进故宫博物院。 　　2005年9月26日，从18世纪沉没的，瑞典哥德堡号商船上打捞上来的，181件中国外销瓷，在故宫博物院午门城楼展厅展出。展览过后，它们中将有18件永久留在故宫，成为故宫博物院35万件藏瓷中新的成员

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 16:41:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第七集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫书画(1)<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　这里是皇帝赏玩书画的私人空间，<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">200<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前，一个名叫弘历的皇帝常常独自坐在这个不足<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">平米的小暖阁里，静静地欣赏着三件堪称绝世珍品的书法。它们是王珣的《伯远帖》、王献之的《中秋帖》，还有王羲之的《快雪时晴帖》。弘历认为，这是整个大清帝国汪洋般的宫廷书画收藏中，最精致的三件东西，为此他特意将这间小屋改名为“三希堂”。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　正是这位爱好书画的皇帝，成就了整个清王朝的宫廷书画收藏，中国的书画收藏史也因此留下了绚烂的一笔。在这位乾隆皇帝当政的那半个多世纪里，他将这座皇家宫殿变成了中国最大的书画博物馆！<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　今天，当人们置身其中的时候可能想不到，在这片宫殿里的这样一些地方，都曾经存放过中国历史上最精致的心灵的证明。将近<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">600<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年的岁月中，就在这些宫殿里，它们传递着华夏文化的审美价值和观念。今天，它们依然深入我们这个民族的内心世界。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　对于一位肩负治国重任的当朝皇帝来说，收藏书画不过是个人微不足道的消遣爱好，但恰恰因为弘历是个皇帝，而且还是个盛世帝王，他个人的这种风雅情趣就引发了一次历史空前的书画大聚集。几乎所有中国美术史上最重要的作品，都在他在位的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">60<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年间，进入了紫禁城。今天我们能够在故宫博物院里看到的那些最珍贵的书画文物，大多源自弘历的毕生收藏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　让我们先来回顾一下乾隆朝之前，紫禁城里的书画收藏史。最初进入这座皇城的书画来自元代宫廷旧藏。作为胜利者，明王朝接管了属于前代王朝的一切遗物。这些曾经被元代宫廷保管的珍贵书画，被新主人钤上了新的印章。这样轻轻一印，历史就又翻过了一页。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　然而明王朝的开国皇帝朱元璋对这些前代书画并没有更多的兴趣。宋代大画家李公麟的如花妙笔，在他眼里不过是一大批军用物资的图像，“思得多马，牧于野郊，有益于后世子孙，使有防边御患”，这位马上皇帝欣赏的似乎只是广备军马的战略意识。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　整个明王朝的宫廷基本上没有什么积极的书画收藏活动，唯一值得一提的，只是查抄犯罪大臣家产的收获。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　万历十年，富藏书画的权相张居正去世，他生前为自己谋取私利的事逐渐被政敌揭发。万历皇帝是历史上少有的性格古怪的人，他最大的特征是小气和贪财。虽然我们无法解释，一个富有四海的人为什么会对金银财宝那么感兴趣，但确实当有人提到张居正富可敌国的财产时，一直保持沉默的万历终于动心而且愤怒，抄家行动迅速开始。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　就这样，臣子家藏的书画变成了宫廷内府收藏，但这似乎更像一场财富的转移，整个过程与艺术本身无关。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　不但入藏有限，明王朝的宫廷书画还不断地流失，而最主要的原因居然是开军饷。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">胡忠良访谈<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">中国第一历史档案馆研究馆员<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　崇祯时期已经到明末了，因为当时是两线作战，那么就是一个要是在国内来围剿这些起义军，那么在关外就要对满清来作战，所以呢，就是这个军饷，就造成了国家国库已经非常空虚，直到起义军围城的时候，崇祯他也是在《明季北略》这本书里记载，他搜刮宫中，只搜刮了三十万两来助饷。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　当崇祯皇帝在煤山脚下上吊的时候，他身后的紫禁城早已经是空空如也了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　而后，新朝来临。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　从关外来的铁骑，很快证明了自己对正统中国文化的兴趣。等到这个王朝
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“盛世”开始的时候，它已经拥有一个开明，且有深厚汉文化修养的君主。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙皇帝的身边聚集了一批汉族文臣，他们得到皇帝格外的优待。这里面有一个叫高士奇的人特别值得一提。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">来新夏访谈<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">天津南开大学教授<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　他在康熙周围，有时候康熙，有些这个地理知识，这个风俗人情，就要咨询他，他都能很快的回答，康熙有些诗做了以后，他都可以来奉和，所以很得康熙的欢心。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　高士奇不但逢迎乖巧，而且格外地精明，在向皇帝进献书画这件事情上，他异乎寻常地胆大，他竟然敢欺骗皇帝。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　他进献给皇帝的书画都记载在他的一本书——《江村销夏录》中。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在这本书里，高士奇对每件书画的外观特征详细记载，但对书画的真伪优劣却都没有说明。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　事实上，除了公开出版的《江村销夏录》之外，高士奇编纂的书画目录还有另外一部，后世称之为《江村书画目》。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">杨丹霞访谈<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫博物院古书画部<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　另外一本，是他自己这个私家这个珍秘的一个底账，它重要的有两个内容：一个内容是说，他对于这件藏品，他自己的意见鉴定意见，他是注明白的。那么第二点就是，这个东西是可以进献给皇帝的，还是说可以随便馈赠给亲戚朋友的，这也在这个东西边上都注出来的。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　翻开高士奇自己的批注，他的用心一目了然：做工精细的假画是可以拿来进献皇帝的；真正有价值的名作真迹，则要永远秘密地珍藏在自己手中。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　不过高士奇死后，他的全部藏品还是进入了皇宫内府，纵然他对书画着迷且精明过人，可他的心机还是斗不过时间和皇权。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　高士奇去世<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">32<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年后，康熙皇帝的孙儿弘历登基，年号乾隆。这位乾隆皇帝在热衷书画方面可算与当年的高士奇不相上下，不过当年他在这里赏玩他最珍爱的三件书帖的时候，却并不知道，他手中署名王羲之和王献之的作品，其实是唐宋时期的仿本，只有王珣的《伯远帖》是东晋时候的真迹。但尽管如此，这些收藏也足以值得夸耀了。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　像三希堂三帖这样，有着千年历史的书画作品，在进入紫禁城之前都经历过无数惊险。让我们再次回顾一下，中国书画收藏史上那些令人心痛的劫难：<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1400<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前的南北朝时期，梁元帝萧绎被西魏军队围困在江陵城，在投降前夜，萧绎将他收藏的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">14<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">万卷，囊括天下精华的书画典籍，一夜之间焚毁。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1300<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前，隋炀帝沿运河下扬州，东都洛阳收藏的书法名画随船前往，途中船只倾覆，随行书画大半落水。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　距今<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">800<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">多年前，金兵攻陷汴梁，宋徽宗的空前收藏从此散落流失……<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　了解了这千年传承的惊心动魄，当我们再回到当年弘历赏玩三希书帖的这间小屋，就不难体会，无论是在乾隆年间还是现在，能够看到属于那个时代的真迹，是多么的弥足珍贵。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　千年以来，书画的聚散流迁总与帝王命运、王朝更替相关。今天我们还能够在故宫博物院的展厅里看到这样的作品，则与<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">300<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年前那场改朝换代有着千丝万缕的联系。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　明末战事四起，大量宋元以前的书画珍品流散民间。到清康熙年间，随着社会逐步安定，民间书画精品渐渐汇集到少数大收藏家手中。等到乾隆皇帝开始从民间收画的时候，摆在他面前的，简直就像是几个现成的书画精品库。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这些书画入宫前，它们在民间的主人，用加盖鉴藏章的方式，将自己的印记永远地留在了画卷上。就是这些印章，记载下了每一幅书画的命运变迁。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这幅画叫《雪景寒林图》，是北宋大画家范宽的作品。它曾经为故宫旧藏，现在则是天津博物馆的镇馆之宝。这幅画自问世以来，一直在民间流传，到清朝康熙年间，被天津一个名叫安岐的大盐商收藏。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　康熙后期，安岐在天津贩盐发家，之后他就开始大量收集古书画，并将自己的收藏著录成书，就是这本《墨缘汇观》。从书中的记载来看，当年安岐所藏的书画不但数量庞大，而且多为年代久远的名家珍品。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　然而到乾隆初年，由于天津盐场外迁，新兴盐商取代了老盐商，安家也随之败落。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　安岐手中这一大批书画精品，陆续被宫廷收购。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　在乾隆皇帝得到的这些安岐藏品中，有一幅山水画格外特殊，甚至还因为它引出过一段书画收藏史上的笑谈，这就是元代大画家黄公望的名作《富春山居图》。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">曾君访谈<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫博物院古书画部副研究员<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　黄公望晚年，它是最后一部作品，他最有名就是说，一个是元代的绘画，对明清的绘画有特别大的影响，在元代绘画里面，黄公望是首屈一指的，在黄公望的作品里面这个《富春山居图》又是最好的，所以就像邹之麟他有一个题跋里面讲，他说黄公望的《富春山居》就好比王羲之的《兰亭序》，书法里面的《兰亭序》。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　这样一幅中国文人绘画的颠峰之作，在后来的<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">300<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年间被世人竞相收藏。明末，一个叫吴问卿的人得到了它。吴问卿对这幅画算是真正的爱不释手。《富春山居图》后面有题跋记载，此人不但吃饭睡觉都要带着它，在兵荒马乱的时候，什么家财都可以不要，就只有这卷《富春山居图》一直带在身边随自己一同逃难。正因为吴问卿太爱这幅画，他临死的时候，便决定将它烧掉为自己殉葬！<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　当时《富春山居图》已经被吴问卿扔进火中，眼看一代宗师的名作就要化为灰烬，这时，是吴问卿的侄子偷偷用其他画卷将它从火盆中换了出来。但即使如此，抢救出来的《富春山居图》也已经被烧成了两段。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　《富春山居图》一分为二后，被吴家分别加以装裱。启首一段装裱成为后来的《剩山图》，如今存放在浙江博物馆。而保留了原画主体内容的另外一段，在装裱时为掩盖火烧痕迹，特意将原本位于画尾的董其昌题跋切割下来放在画首，这便是后来弘历得到的《富春山居图》无用师卷。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　重新装裱后的无用师卷虽然不是原画全貌，但画中清润的笔墨、简远的意境得以保留。这幅开创了中国山水画新风格的传世巨作，辗转经过多人收藏，最终被安岐买到。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　安岐过世后，《富春山居》无用师卷在乾隆十一年的冬天来到了弘历面前。但此前弘历已经得到了一卷《富春山居图》，也就是那幅最著名的假《富春山居》，后世称之为子明卷。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">　　子明卷是明末文人临摹的《富春山居》无用师卷，后人为牟利，将原作者题款去掉，伪造了黄公望题款，并且还伪造了邹之麟等人的题跋，这一切都把弘历蒙骗了。

胡同童年 发表于 2006-11-7 16:45:00

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">第七集
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">故宫书画(2)<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">事实上子明卷仿制的漏洞并不难发现。元代书画上作者题款都是在绘画内容之后，而子明卷却将作者题款放在了画面上方的空白处，这明显不符合元代书画的特点。但弘历的书画鉴赏水平，显然并不足以看出这些漏洞。这卷后人仿造的《富春山居》子明卷不但被他视为珍宝时时带在身边，而且真迹无用师卷的出现，也没让他推翻自己的错误判断。 　　他一边坚定地宣布无用师卷是赝品，一边又以不菲的价格将这幅所谓的赝品买下。理由是，这幅画虽不是真迹，但画得还不错。为此他还特意请大臣来，在两卷《富春山居图》上题跋留念。来观画的大臣无一例外地歌颂了皇帝热爱艺术、不拘泥真伪的广阔胸怀，谁也不敢点破，这幅画它本来就是真迹。 　　不管弘历的鉴定结论何等荒谬，安岐所藏的《富春山居》真迹确实从此进入宫廷。就在这座乾清宫里，它被静静地存放了近200年。直到1933年随其他文物一起南迁。而今，这真伪两卷《富春山居图》都存放在台北故宫博物院，共同见证着中国书画收藏史上的，一段笑谈。 　　公元1799年，弘历去世。此后，他的儿子嘉庆皇帝在书画收藏方面就没有太多作为。这不仅是因为嘉庆不如乾隆那样风雅，更是因为，弘历确实已经在有生之年几乎囊括了天下收藏的最精华部分。 　　为了表示对父亲心爱之物的珍重和缅怀，嘉庆皇帝决定，将乾隆平时珍玩的书画器物，全部封存。这里就是嘉庆封存乾隆主要书画珍藏的延春阁，因为原建筑毁于1924年的一场大火，今天我们只能通过当时画师的笔墨领略它的风采。尽管弘历的收藏雅兴没有遗传，但嘉庆时，这栋延春阁，还是有一批书画入藏，其中就包括那幅著名的《清明上河图》。 　　《清明上河图》问世之后，它的第一位收藏者是宋徽宗。而后，战争和朝代更替使《清明上河图》真迹的流传始终充满神秘感，直到明代权相严嵩倒台的时候，它才随着严嵩被查抄的家财一起进入宫廷。但没多久这幅画就又从宫中神秘地消失，而这里面的关键人物，就是《清明上河图》最后一段明代题跋的作者——大太监冯保。 　　[杨新访谈] 故宫博物院原副院长 　　冯保这个题跋，我琢磨着有文章可做，为什么呢？因为他知道这个东西是在宫里头，他又认为这个东西是非常重要的东西，那么今天，他怎么得到这个东西他没有讲，这个我们就反过来推测，一个是皇帝直接赏赐给他，你不是喜欢吗我就送给你了，他就会大书特书，皇帝怎么怎么把这个东西送给我了，我怎么怎么的高兴，他不讲他只讲好不讲怎么来的，这就大有文章可做了。 　　冯保以不可告人的途径得到《清明上河图》的同时，在京城坊间开始迅速地流传起这样一种说法：据说宫里一个小太监偷偷把《清明上河图》盗出库房，逃跑时怕被人撞见，慌乱中便将画卷藏在某处宫殿的排水孔洞里，准备日后再夹带出宫。不料天不从人愿，当日就下起瓢泼大雨，而且一连下了三天。排水洞里的《清明上河图》被水浸泡，取出来时已经糟烂不可收拾。 　　[杨新访谈] 　　你说这个故事根冯保题款有没有联系，我觉得有一点联系，因为事实上《清明上河图》没有被毁，也没有水泡的痕迹，就是说这个故事也是虚构的。 　　通过种种线索，今天的书画专家推测，当初《清明上河图》被毁的传说，很可能就是冯保，为掩盖自己盗画罪行而故意放出的风声。 　　自从离开紫禁城，《清明上河图》便又销声匿迹，直到嘉庆四年，也就是乾隆去世的那年，它才又重新回到这座皇城。 　　因为乾隆的去世，权臣和珅被迅速扳倒。早在两年前去世的湖广总督毕沅，因为被查出有交结和珅的行为，身后被抄家。《清明上河图》又一次出现在查抄物品中。 　　这次，它被珍重地存放在延春阁，毕生热衷于书画的乾隆皇帝，终究没能在有生之年一睹它的真容。 　　盛名之下的清明上河图到底有着怎样的魅力，令人们几百年来追逐不断。 　　[杨新访谈] 　　首先，他是一个很写实的作品，但是他的写实不是说完全的照本宣科，他是有组织的，作为这么一个大的场面，从郊区一直画到城市的中心，这一路他所包含的内容，囊括的事物相当的丰富，如何去把组织起来概括起来，而能够有典型性代表性。这个处理构思就相当惊人，你比如说我们在桥上能看到那种热烈的场面，那肯定是人山人海挤得一榻糊涂，底下的大船钻过桥洞要放倒桅杆，那个紧张，有人要想插手帮忙又插不上，那种情景你想里面的细节情节很多，但是我们看画家来处理，这些组织的有条不乱，另外就是他的表现，你像城门口那个乞丐，连他周围人的态度，我们都能体现，你看有一个人骑着毛驴回过头来看，就是不想掏钱，这个心态都能表现的出来，这个很简单的几笔就勾下来了，所以清明上河图引人入胜就胜在这个地方。 　　如此精妙的清明上河图进入紫禁城后，于嘉庆十年被编入《石渠宝笈三编》。此后，清宫的入藏就没有什么精彩可言了。而乾隆朝耀眼的书画收藏则以登记造册的方式被记录了下来。 　　早在乾隆8年，弘历就决定，要将内府收藏的书画进行一次大规模的整理。首先将有关佛教和道教的作品，编撰成目录《秘殿珠林》；第二年，包含全部书画藏品的《石渠宝笈》开始编撰。这是一次规模空前的整理工作，它将为存在了两千年的中国宫廷书法绘画收藏画上一个句号。完成后的《石渠宝笈》，包括续编、三编共成书225册。这是明清两代，600年宫廷收藏的总结。也是历代帝王收藏的最后规模。全盛时期的清代宫廷收藏，大约有****0件以上，其中晋唐宋元书画2000件，明代书画2000件，这就是中国古典书画作品当时的最大规模。 　　在故宫数以万计的藏画中，除了帝王收藏的这些历代名家作品之外，还有一些当朝宫廷画师创作的绘画作品。 　　画中这个坦胸露腿，光着脚戏水的人叫胤禛，他就是那位清代十二帝中最勤勉的雍正皇帝。或许正因为忙得没有时间娱乐，这位雍正皇帝才特别喜欢，让宫廷画师创作这种，类似于我们今天“模仿秀”的行乐图。在这些行乐图里，胤禛一会儿是山间行走的老翁，一会儿又与猕猴嬉戏，这一刻他还在端坐抚琴，下一刻又变成独钓寒江的蓑笠翁。 　　除了行乐图之外，宫廷绘画更重要的任务，是记录皇帝的功德成就。清王朝的帝国政绩就这样以书画的形式被记录下来。直到1911年，民国政府建立，清王朝近300年的统治就此结束，以宫廷绘画记录历史的方式，也早在此前，被来自西方的照相技术取代。 　　照片里的这个少年叫溥仪，他是已经退位的满清废帝，不过拍摄这张照片的时候他还住在紫禁城里。正是这个少年在之后的岁月里策划了一场大规模的盗窃活动，盗窃的目标，主要是当时存放在故宫里的那些珍贵书画。 　　这方书画鉴藏印属于溥仪。印文的风格式样，与乾隆皇帝当年所用的如出一辙。这是他退位之后，在师傅们的张罗下，模仿乾隆皇帝的风雅所刻的整套印章中的一枚，而后，这个少年就持着这些印在故宫旧藏书画上大盖特盖起来。经他“御览”过的书画，有一千多件被他和胞弟溥杰偷偷盗运出宫，而这一切都是在“赏赐”的名义下进行的。故宫几百年积累的书画精华，几乎被这对十几岁的小哥俩蚂蚁搬家似的盗取一空。直到1924年溥仪被驱赶出宫，盗宝活动才被迫终止。最后的盗宝行动就发生在皇室出宫当天，不过这次行窃的不是溥仪。 　　[金运昌访谈] 故宫博物院古书画部副主任 　　这里面有一个很有心计的老太太，他就是同治皇帝的瑜妃姓赫舍里氏，官称是敬懿皇贵妃，这位老太太，不知道是什么时间什么机会，她把这个三希堂里面《中秋帖》和《伯远帖》，偷偷的转移到她自己居住的寿康宫，而且在24年出宫的时候，卷在行李里带回娘家去了。 　　之后，二帖辗转被当时北平最大的收藏家郭葆昌买到。十余年后，新一代收藏家崛起。张伯驹是新一代中有名的爱国收藏家，他与夫人潘素为保护国宝不流失海外倾尽家财，许多国宝都是他们夫妇后来向国家捐献的。1935年，就是他们向郭葆昌提出求购二帖。 　　[楼宇栋访谈] 张伯驹女婿 　　人家开口呢？一个帖就要3千万连币，合到黄金多少呢？一千两比哪个游春图还黑，游春图要八百两，他要一千两一个帖，那当然不可能了，你根本没这个财力，你想一个帖一千两黄金，两个帖不就两千两黄金吗？两千两黄金，当时我老岳父，不可能有这个财力的，那么只好作罢。 　　解放前，二帖被郭葆昌的儿子带到香港，1951年底，在周总理直接批示下，二帖被以45万8千港币购回。 　　百年沧桑，三希中的二希历经坎坷但终究回到故宫。在特定的展出日子里，前来参观的游人可以亲眼见到，这两件曾经被乾隆皇帝珍爱的书帖。而当年溥仪出宫时仍留在宫中的快雪时晴帖，则在抗战前文物南迁的时候，与其他珍贵文物一起被转移到南京。1949年它又被运往台湾，现在存放于台北故宫博物院。 　　三希堂三帖是幸运的，像它们这样能够保存到今天的故宫书画，包括南京博物院和台北故宫博物院所收藏的部分，只是历史上曾经被保藏传承过的，书画文物中极小一部分。那些因天灾人祸而损毁或流失的古书画，有些我们已经永远没有机会见到，还有一些却依然在历史的长河中沉浮，若隐若现…… 　　这是中国博物馆进入拍卖行购买文物的开始。这幅画自从1945年被溥仪在长春遗失，便再也没有出现过。这次拍卖是它半个世纪以来首次现身，整个中国文物收藏界都为之震动。而故宫博物院的收购手笔则令人刮目相看。 　　这片富藏书画的古老宫殿，如今以21世纪的节奏运转着。 　　隋代画家展子虔的这幅《游春图》，是北京故宫博物院现存年代最久远的绘画真迹。我们很难想像，从它问世到今天的1400年间，这幅轻薄脆弱的绢本画经历过多少次战火、水患和人祸，但它奇迹般地保全了下来。今天，它结束了千百年来离乱聚散的历史命运，和所有幸存的古书画一起，证明着一个古老民族文明的传承

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